1. Welcome To Your First Day of Class
Human Biology
Welcome To Your First Day of Class

2. The Characteristics of Life
Biology – Science of Living things
Bio – Life
Logos – Word of, knowledge
** A laboratory science** You live in your own unique Lab (and you experiment all the time)

3. Living Things:

4. Living Things: Are organized Acquire materials and energy Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
Have the capacity to adapt

5. Living Things: Acquire materials and energy Are organized Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
Have the capacity to adapt

6. Living Things: Reproduce Are organized Acquire materials and energy
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
Have the capacity to adapt

7. Living Things: Respond to stimuli Are organized
Acquire materials and energy
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
Have the capacity to adapt

8. Living Things: Are homeostatic Are organized
Acquire materials and energy
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
Have the capacity to adapt

9. Living Things: Grow and develop Are organized
Acquire materials and energy
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
Have the capacity to adapt

10. Living Things: Have the capacity to adapt Are organized
Acquire materials and energy
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
Have the capacity to adapt

11. The Classification of Living Things

12. The Classification of Living Things
Living organisms are assigned to groups based upon their similarities.

13. The Classification of Living Things
Living organisms are assigned to groups based upon their similarities.
Systematics is the discipline of indentifying and classifying organisms.

14. Domains

15. Domains
Domains are the largest classification category.

16. Domains Domains are the largest classification category.
Biologists assign organisms to one of three domains based on biochemical and genetic evidence.

17. Domains Largest classification category
Based upon biochemical and genetic evidence
Archaea – ancient “bacteria”, unicellular like bacteria, also simple cell structure (prokaryote – no nucleus) but have distinct metabolism (chemistry) allowing them to exist in “extreme” environments
Bacteria– unicellular, prokaryote, found everywhere
Eukarya– unicellular to multicellular, complex and organized cells with nuclei and organelles (mitochondria)
Archaea and Bacteria are single-celled Prokaryotes
Eukarya = Eukaryote

18. Domain Archaea
Archaea-Live in aquatic environments that lack oxygen or are too salty, too hot, or too acidic for most other organisms
Archaea can be found in environments that are too hostile for other life forms.

19. Species of the domain Archaea are not inhibited by antibiotics
Domain Archaea is mostly composed of cells that live in extreme environments.
Species of the domain Archaea are not inhibited by antibiotics
here are three main groups of Archaea: extreme halophiles, methanogens, and hyperthermophiles
Halophiles are organisms that live in high salt concentrations. Methanogens produce methane and can life in the human gut, hyperthermophiles can live at temperatures above 70C.

20. Domain Bacteria Bacteria are found almost anywhere
Water, soil, and atmosphere
On our skin and in our digestive tract
Some cause disease and some are beneficial
Bacteria are found almost everywhere on the planet Earth.

21. Domain Eukarya
The cells of all eukaryotes have a membrane- bound nucleus. Members of the Domain Eukarya are further categorized into one of four Kingdoms.

22. Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

23. Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

24. Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

25. Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

26. Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

27. Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

28. Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

29. Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

30. Categories of Classification
Domain - Dumb
Kingdom - King
Phylum - Philip
Class – Came
Order - Over
Family - For
Genus - Good
Species - _
Spaghetti?

31. Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Least inclusive
Most inclusive

32. Eukaryotic Kingdoms Protists Fungi Plantae Animalia
Single-cells orgnisms
Can make their own food (photosynthesizers)
Fungi
Molds and mushrooms
Plantae
plants
Animalia
Animals

33. Categories of Classification

34. Scientific Names

35. Scientific Names
Binomial (two name)

36. Scientific Names
Binomial (two name)
Genus name, species name

37. Scientific Names Examples: Binomial (two name)
Genus name, species name
Examples:

38. Scientific Names Examples: Homo sapiens Pisum sativum Felis domesticus
Binomial (two name)
Genus name, species name
Examples:
Homo sapiens
Pisum sativum
Felis domesticus

39. The Organization of the Biosphere

40. The Organization of the Biosphere
The zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the Earth where living organisms are found.

41. The Organization of the Biosphere
Population
groups of individuals of a species in a given area

42. The Organization of the Biosphere
Population
Community
populations of different species that interact

43. The Organization of the Biosphere
Population
Community
Ecosystem
interactions of communities plus the physical habitat

44. Ecosystems
Ecosystems are characterized by:

45. Ecosystems
Ecosystems are characterized by:
Chemical cycling

46. Ecosystems Energy flow Ecosystems are characterized by:
Chemical cycling
Energy flow

47. The Human Species
Humans depend on healthy ecosystems for our own survival.

48. The Human Species
Humans depend on healthy ecosystems for our own survival.
The human species modifies ecosystems for own purposes.

49. The Human Species
Humans depend on healthy ecosystems for our own survival.
The human species modifies ecosystems for own purposes.
Preservation of ecosystems is important to ensure our continued existence.

50. Biodiversity

51. Biodiversity
Total number of species

52. Biodiversity
Total number of species
The variability in their genes

53. Biodiversity The variability in their genes
Total number of species
The variability in their genes
The ecosystems in which they live

55. A Coral Reef Ecosystem

56. Ecosystems
The Earth may be losing as many as 400 species per day due to human activities.

57. Life is Organized Hierarchy of levels Atoms form Molecules
Molecules form Cells
Cells form Tissues
Tissues form Organs
Organs form Organ systems

59. Anatomy
The study of form

60. Physiology is…
The study of the function of all plants and animals in their normal state.
An integrative science

61. Key Themes in Physiology:
Homeostasis
The ability of the body to survive in a challenging and changing environment by keeping the internal environment relatively stable
“The Wisdom of the Body”

62. Homeostasis Negative Feedback Loops are Homeostatic
Negative feedback loops can restore the normal state but can’t prevent the initial disturbance.

64. Negative Feedback
The body maintains a set point until there is a perturbation.
The change in the environment signals a response by the body
The response is to bring the body back to homeostasis
If possible!

65. Positive Feedback Positive Feedback is NOT homeostatic
Positive Feedback reinforces the initial stimulus rather than decreasing or removing it.
The response sends the variable being regulated even farther from its normal value
This triggers a vicious cycle of ever-increasing response sending the system out of control temporarily
Must have a “shut off” switch or it becomes pathological.

67. Basic Steps of Scientific Method:
Observation (and/or study of prior knowledge)/Question
Hypothesis
Experimentation
Collection and analysis of data (can you replicate results?)
Conclusion: reject or accept hypothesis
theory

68. Scientific Theory
A scientific theory is a concept supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and conclusions.

69. Example: What makes up human scent
Prior knowledge: Mice smell each other using urine MHC
Hypothesis: ?
Experiments: ?
Collect and analyze data
Conclusion

70. The Process of Science A Controlled Study
Experiments in controlled studies have two types of groups:
Control Group (for comparison)
Experimental Group ( 1 variable manipulated)

72. The Process of Science A Controlled Study
Variables
The experimental variable (independent variable) is manipulated by the investigator. All other factors remain identical.

73. The Process of Science A Controlled Study
Variables
The experimental variable (independent variable) is manipulated by the investigator. All other factors remain identical.
The response variable (dependent variable) represents the result of the manipulation of the experimental variable. (what we are testing for and hope to “quantify” mathematically)

74. An Experiment
HYPOTHESIS: Bloodhounds are able to trail people because of their unique smell, which is genetically controlled.

75. An Experiment
HYPOTHESIS: Bloodhounds are able to trail people because of their unique smell, which is genetically controlled.
PREDICTION: Bloodhounds will be able to trail identical twins, but the dog will not be able to tell the difference between the twins.

76. An Experiment
Conclusion: The hypothesis was supported. When scent was taken from one twin the bloodhounds were able to trail the twins, but could not tell the difference between the genetically identical twins.

77. Animal vs. Human Experimentation
In Physiology most knowledge is derived from _______ experimentation.
Sometime human experimentation is necessary.
Difficulties of Human Experimentation:
Very dissimilar test subjects
Psychological aspects (placebo and nocebo effects)
Ethical questions (is it ok to withhold potential drug from seriously ill?)
Nocebo = something that won’t cause you harm but you convince yourself it will harm you

78. Animal Research

79. Science and Social Responsibility

80. Science and Social Responsibility
Technology is the application of knowledge for a practical purpose.

81. Science and Social Responsibility
Technology is the application of knowledge for a practical purpose.
Technology has both benefits and drawbacks.

82. Science and Social Responsibility
Technology is the application of knowledge for a practical purpose.
Technology has both benefits and drawbacks.
Ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of technology must be decided by everyone.