1. The extract based-ointments were prepared as per the following formulation: dried plant extract (20%) was added lanolin 10% and DMSO 12% before being integrated in soft paraffin. The white soft paraffin served as a greasy ointment base to incorporate the above mentioned materials.
Lanolin was added to enhance the hydrophilicity of the preparations. DMSO was also used as penetration enhancer and was used to improve the drug absorption through the skin. To economize, the extract concentrations for in vivo experiments were prepared based on their best results during in vitro experiments. No preservative was added and the ointments were kept at 4 °C and used within 7 days after preparation.
Glucantime was injected intramuscularly at 20 mg/kg/day for 20 days . A group of 48 mice were randomly divided into 6 subgroups. The control group received the ointment void of extracts, whereas the reference group received glucantime only. The efficacy of treatments was evaluated by measuring ulcer diameter by kulis vernier then weighed by a digital scale at weekly intervals. At the end of the treatment, the mice were followed up for 1 month, parasite burden in spleen and NO production in macrophages using Griess test. Two-way ANOVA and student’s t-test were used to analyze mean values ,P<0.05).
Results: Our results indicated that plant extract based-ointments were effective in reducing ulcer size and parasite burden in spleens, but their effects did not differ significantly from that of glucantime. The weight losses of mice in the test groups were not significantly different from those in glucantime treated group but differed from the control group. The plant extracts tested in this study were able to increase NO production that helped parasite suppression but was not significantly more effective as compared with glucantime.
Antileishmanial activity of Carthamus tinctorius , Pimpinella anisum ,Cuminum cyminum,Cinnamomum verum extracts in mice infected with Leishmania major
Table 1
The mice weights (g) in each test group compared with those in control and glucantime-treated groups.
Fatemeh Tabatabaie *1,Fateme Hajialiani 1,Fatemeh Maleki2, Mehdi Mohebali3.
1Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2Faculty of Para Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
*Corresponding author: Dr. Fatemeh Tabatabaie, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Time
C. cyminum
P. anisum
C. verum
C. tinctorius
A. persarum
Glucantime
Control
Week 0
21.00 ± 1.16
21.40 ± 1.45
20.80 ± 0.89
21.80 ± 0.92
21.00 ± 0.78
21.40 ± 0.83
21.50 ± 1.00
Week 2
21.00 ± 1.51
21.50 ± 1.50
20.00 ± 0.95
21.70 ± 0.77
20.00 ± 0.86
21.47 ± 0.79
20.00 ± 1.10
Week 3
21.10 ± 0.91
21.60 ± 1.20
19.00 ± 0.99
21.60 ± 0.80
20.00 ± 0.90
21.59 ± 0.91
18.50 ± 1.30
Week 4
21.00 ± 0.87
21.70 ± 1.13
18.20 ± 0.97
20.80 ± 0.88
19.10 ± 1.13
21.80 ± 1.20
15.00 ± 1.12
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Table 2
Lesion sizes (mm) in each test group compared with those in control and glucantime-treated groups.
Time C. cyminum P. anisum C. verum C. tinctorius A. persarum Glucantime Control
Week ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.49
Week ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.50
Week ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.52
Week ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.25
Values are expressed as mean ± SD.
Background and purpose: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transported by sand flies. According to the World Health Organization, leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected re-emerging and uncontrolled tropical diseases. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of some medicinal plants (Carthamus tinctorius Family: Asteraceae, Pimpinella anisum Family: Apiaceae, Cuminum cyminum Family: Apiaceae, Cinnamomum verum Family: Lauraceae) and systemic glucantime (gold standard) in a comparative manner against the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice.
Materials/methods: The extract of aerial parts of plants were obtained by maceration. For in vivo testing, inbred mice were challenged with Leishmania major parasites (The standard strain of L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER was cultured ) and the resultant ulcers were treated with alcoholic extract based-ointments applied topically two times per day for a period of 20 days.
Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the tested plant extracts are effective for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice but further researches are required to recommend a potential plant extract as an alternative drug.
Keywords: Leishmaniasis ,Glucantime , Pimpinella anisum , BALB/c Mice , Cuminum cyminum
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