1. Passive Voice of the Present System
Chapters 18 & 21

2. What is the passive voice?
So far, all the verbs that we have been working with have been used in the active voice. In the active voice, the subject performs the action.
In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is the recipient of the action of the verb.
Therefore, only transitive verbs (i.e. ones that take a direct object) can be used in the passive voice.

3. The boy reads the book.
The book is read by the boy.

4. What is the passive voice?
In English, we form the passive voice by combining an inflected form of the verb “to be” with a passive participle.
I am loved.
I will be seen.
He was being praised.

5. Which voice? I hid the book under my bed.
The exam was graded by the teacher.
The portrait was painted by an unknown artist.
The motor propelled the boat across the lake.

6. For the present system of the passive voice, we have a new set.Sg Pl
1st -r
-mur
2nd
-ris
-minī
3rd
-tur
-ntur
The personal endings for verbs which we learned in chapter 1 were for the active voice.
For the present system of the passive voice, we have a new set.
But we still conjugate the verbs in the same way, by adding the personal endings to the verb stem.

7. Present Tense of 1st and 2nd Conjugations
laudā monē
laudor moneor
laudāre monēre
laudor moneor
laudāris monēris
laudā monē
laudātur monētur
laudā monē
laudāmur monēmur
laudā monē
laudā monē
laudāminī monēmini
laudā monē
laudantur monentur

8. Present Tense of 3rd and 4th Conjugations
dūce faci invenī
dūcere facere invenīre
dūcor facior invenior
dūce faci invenī
dūceris faceris invenīris
dūceris faceris invenīris
dūcitur facitur invenītur
dūce faci invenī
dūce faci invenī
dūcimur facimur invenīmur
dūce faci invenī
dūciminī faciminī invenīminī
dūce faci invenī
dūcuntur faciuntur inveniuntur
dūcuntur faciuntur inveniuntur
Stem vowel of 3rd conj is short e, but when you start adding the personal endings, it shortens to an i.
But the infinitive is –ere, b/c of the r. The r lets it stay as it is.
So in the 2nd person singular, the vowel doesn’t turn to an i, but stays e.

9. Imperfect of all conjugations
present stem + imperfect infix + passive endings
laudābar
monēbar
dūcēbar
faciēbar
inveniēbar
laudābāris
monēbāris
dūcēbāris
faciēbāris
inveniēbāris
laudābātur
monēbātur
dūcēbātur
faciēbātur
inveniēbātur
laudābāmur
monēbāmur
dūcēbāmur
faciēbāmur
inveniēbāmur
laudābāminī
monēbāminī
dūcēbāminī
faciēbāminī
inveniēbāminī
laudābantur
monēbantur
dūcēbantur
faciēbantur
inveniēbantur

10. Future of 1st and 2nd Conjugations
present stem + bo/bi/bu + passive endings
amābor monēbor
amāberis monēberis
amābitur monēbitur
amābimur monēbimur
amābiminī monēbiminī
amābuntur monēbuntur
NB alternate 2nd Sg: amābere and monēbere

11. Future of 3rd and 4th Conjugations
uses the same vowel changes as we learned for the active, but with the passive endings
dūcar faciar inveniar
dūcēris faciēris inveniēris
dūcētur faciētur inveniētur
dūcēmur faciēmur inveniēmur
dūcēminī faciēminī inveniēminī
dūcentur facientur invenientur
dūcar faciar inveniar
dūcēris faciēris inveniēris
dūcētur faciētur inveniētur
dūcēmur faciēmur inveniēmur
dūcēminī faciēminī inveniēminī
dūcentur facientur invenientur
dūca facia invenia
dūcē faciē inveniē
dūcē faciē inveniē
dūce facie invenie

12. Infinitives
The infinitive we learned in chapter 1 is the present active infinitive.
ex: amare – to love
Now we’ll learn how to form the present passive infinitive.

13. Infinitives amāre → amārī monēre monērī dūcere dūcī invenīre invenīrī
For conjugations 1, 2, and 4, just change the final –e of the active infinitive into –ī.
For the third conjugation (including 3rd –io), change the whole –ere into –ī.
amāre →
amārī
monēre
monērī
dūcere
dūcī
invenīre
invenīrī
amāre →
amārī
monēre
monērī
dūcere
dūcī
invenīre
invenīrī
amāre →
amārī
monēre
monērī
dūcere
dūcī
invenīre
invenīrī
amāre →
amārī
monēre
monērī
dūcere
dūcī
invenīre
invenīrī
amāre →
amārī
monēre
monērī
dūcere
dūcī
invenīre
invenīrī

14. Agent
The person by whom the action of a passive verb is performed is indicated by using ā or ab with the ablative case.
We ingeniously call this the ablative of agent.
If the performer of the verb not a person, the means by which it is done is indicated using the ablative of means (Ch 14).
Puer ā patre necātur.
Puer tempestāte necātur.

15. Puer librum legit.
Liber ā puerō legitur.