1. American Imperialism
Period 7 Part 1 – 1898 to 1920

2. Think About It
Compare and contrast American views on imperialism of the late 19th and 20th centuries.
Analyze how American imperialism of the late 19th and early 20th centuries maintained continuity and fostered change in American foreign policy since the Constitutional Period.
Evaluate how American imperialism was a turning point in American foreign policy.

3. Perry Expedition (1853-1854) Commodore Matthew Perry
Encourage trade and diplomatic relations with Japan
Convention of Kanagawa (1854)

4. Alaska Purchase (1867) “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox”
$7.2 million (2 cents per acre) to Russia for 586,412 sq. mi.
Eventual discovery of gold and oil reserves

5. Hawaii White Intrusion Queen Liliuokalani Overthrow of Hawaii (1893)
Sugar Plantation Owners
Queen Liliuokalani
Attempted to reassert native authority and drive out foreigners
Overthrow of Hawaii (1893)
Sanford Dole
Republic of Hawaii ( )
Annexation by U.S. (1898)
Strategic commercial and military location

6. Why Hawaii?

7. Spanish-American War (1898)
Origins and Causes
Cuba
Jose Marti
DeLome Letter
Spanish diplomat ridicules McKinley
U.S.S. Maine (Feb. 15)
266 deaths
“Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!”
Yellow Journalism
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
War
Declaration of War (Apr. 21)
Teller Amendment
U.S. promise Cuban independence, not annexation
Caribbean Theater
Rough Riders
Pacific Theater
Battle of Manila Bay
Emilio Aguinaldo

8. Spanish-American War (1898)
“A splendid little war.”
Treaty of Paris
American Acquisitions
Puerto Rico
Guam
Philippines
Cuba
American military occupation ( )
Platt Amendment (1901)
Treaties required American approval
Guantanamo Bay

10. Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists
Opponents
Mostly from Democratic Party
Anti-Imperialist League
Grover Cleveland (D)
William Jennings Bryan (D)
Senator Ben Tillman (D-SC)
Samuel Gompers (AFL)
Mark Twain
Andrew Carnegie
Jane Addams
Reasons
Undemocratic
Violated republicanism
“consent of the governed”
Prevent influx of “inferior races”
Proponents
Most from GOP
Theodore Roosevelt (R)
John Hay (R)
James G. Blaine (R)
Reasons
Economic expansion
Political security
International prestige
Humanitarian efforts
Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan
The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890)
Social Darwinism
Jingoism
“White Man’s Burden”
Insular Cases ( )
Supreme Court ruled constitutional guarantees granted only by Congress to U.S. territories
“Constitution does not necessarily follow the flag”

13. The Philippines Philippine-American War (1899-1902) Atrocities
Torture by both sides
Concentration camps
Casualties
12,000-20,000 Filipinos
4,165 Americans
200,000-1,000,000 Filipino civilians
Americanization
Freedom of religion
English as official language

14. America Should Retain the Philippines; America Should Not Rule the Philippines
Albert J. Beveridge – “U.S. Senate Speech” (1900)
Joseph Henry Crooker – “The Menace to America” (1900)
The times call for candor. The Philippines are ours forever, “territory belonging to the United States,” as the Constitution calls them. And just beyond the Philippines are China’s illimitable markets. We will not retreat from either. We will not repudiate our duty in the archipelago. We will not abandon our opportunity in the Orient. We will not renounce our part in the mission of or race, trustee, under God, of the civilization of the world. And we will move forward with to our work, not howling our regrets like slaves whipped to their burdens, but with gratitude for a task worthy of our strength, and thanksgiving to Almighty God that He has marked us as His chosen people, henceforth to lead in the regeneration of the world.
The policy advocated is the suppression of American principles, the surrender of our sublime ideals, and the end of our beneficent ministry of liberty among the nations. Just because I want to see America expand I condemn the policy as unpatriotic. Let us not deceive ourselves; the expansion of military rule and sordid commercialism is not the expansion of our real strength or true glory. Let us not mistake the renunciation of American ideals for the expansion of American institutions. Wherever the flag goes, there the constitution must go. Wherever the flag waves, there the whole of the flag must be present. Wherever the constitution is extended, there the entire constitution must rule. If any one does not wish to accept these consequences, then let the flag be brought back to the spot where it can represent true Americanism, and Americanism in its entirety.

15. China Open Door Policy Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)
Secretary of State John Hay
Spheres of influence
Mutual economic policies among foreign powers
Boxer Rebellion ( )
Eight-Nation Alliance against Chinese nationalists
Severely weakened Qing Dynasty

16. Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) Big Stick Policy
The Americas
Roosevelt Corollary
U.S. right to intervene if:
Incapable of protecting American interests
Stabilize economies to prevent European influence
Panama Canal
Panamanian Revolution (1903)
Panama Canal opened 1914
Asian Policy
Treaty of Portsmouth (1904)
“Gentleman’s Agreement” (1907)
Great White Fleet ( )

18. William Howard Taft (1909-1913) Dollar Diplomacy
Encourage economic development infrastructure in Latin America and abroad
Administration of loans and financing
Railroad investments in China
Lodge Corollary (1912)
Henry Cabot Lodge
Forbade any significant foreign acquisition in Western Hemisphere

19. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) Moral Diplomacy
Pursuit of non-expansionist policies and promote democratic governments
Despite military intervention in Haiti, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, and Mexico
Mexico Revolution
Tampico Affair (1914)
Pancho Villa Expedition ( )
General John J. Pershing
World War I
Fourteen Points