1. MOBILE COMMUNICATION

2. Introduction
One of the most major and significant technological invention of the century.
Provides connectivity whenever and wherever needed.
SMS or short messaging services.
MMS or multimedia messaging services.
Internet facility.

3. History of Mobile Communication
Mobile phones have their roots in radiophones.
Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden’s invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held cellular radio devices have been available since 1973.

4. Due to their low establishment costs and rapid deployment, mobile phone networks have since spread rapidly throughout the world, outstripping the growth of fixed telephony.
The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern Cell Phone or mobile phone.

5. Cellular technology
Cellular Technology - Telephony, a generic for all wireless phones, and cellular, a term derived from cellular base stations that control phone calls, are a combination of technologies that allow for mobile phone transmission and reception in a given area.

6. Generation of mobile phones
First generation or 1G
Second generation or 2G
Third generation or 3G

7. First Generation
First Generation Mobile Phones (Also known as 1G ) came into vogue first in the United States of America in 1973.
It used analog signals and hence needed more than one base stations which were closely located.

8. The first handheld mobile phone to become commercially available to the US market was the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X which received approval in 1983.
Mobile were too robust and heavy, they were static and designed for permanent installation in vehicles.

9. Features of First generation
Analog voice signaling was use.
Less Secure
Not much reliable networks.
No SMS and Roaming Facility.
Example: Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) is the analog mobile phone system standard developed by Bell Labs.

10. Second Generation
Second Generation Mobile Phones (Also known as 2G ) adopt the system of digital signaling in order to establish a connection between the radio towers.
first digital cellular phone call was made in the United States in 1990 and still in use.
Second Generation Mobile Phones were digital circuit and the use of advanced and fast phone to network signaling.
Frequency was much higher.

11. Features of 2G Digital technology introduced More Secure
Increased capacity and quality
It cannot normally transfer data, such as or software.
SMS and Roaming introduced for the first Time.
Common example are GSM and CDMA

12. GSM – GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION
GSM technology which stands for GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION, The GSM belonging to TDMA is the most widely used technology across the world and was first started in Finland
Phase I of GSM specifications was published in 1990
International demand was so great that the system name was changed from Groupe Special Mobile to Global Systems for Mobile Communications (still GSM).

13. Commercial service started in mid-1991
1992 first paying customers were signed up for service.
By 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries
Early 1994 there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide
By 1996 there were more than 25 million subscribers worldwide
By October 1997 it had grown to more than 55 million subscribers worldwide

14. System Architecture

15. System Architecture Mobile Station (MS) Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Base Station Subsystem (BBS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Network Subsystem
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

16. System Architecture Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

17. Mobile Equipment Produced by many different manufacturers
Must obtain approval from the standardization body
Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity

18. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Smart card containing the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other subscribed services
Encoded network identification details
Protected by a password or PIN
Can be moved from phone to phone – contains key information to activate the phone

19. Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that communicate across the standardized Abis interface allowing operation between components made by different suppliers
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)

20. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Houses the radio transceivers that define a cell
Handles radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station
Speech and data transmissions from the MS are recoded
Requirements for BTS:
ruggedness
reliability
portability
minimum costs

21. Base Station Controller (BSC)
Manages Resources for BTS
Handles call set up
Location update
Handover for each MS

22. System Architecture Network Subsystem
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Switch speech and data connections between:
Base Station Controllers
Mobile Switching Centers
GSM-networks
Other external networks
Heart of the network
Three main jobs:
1) connects calls from sender to receiver
2) collects details of the calls made and received
3) supervises operation of the rest of the network components

23. Home Location Registers (HLR)
Contains administrative information of each subscriber
Current location of the mobile

24. Visitor Location Registers (VLR)
contains selected administrative information from the HLR
authenticates the user
tracks which customers have the phone on and ready to receive a call
periodically updates the database on which phones are turned on and ready to receive calls

25. Authentication Center (AUC)
Mainly used for security
Mata storage location and functional part of the network
Ki is the primary element

26. Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black List and the Gray List
Optional database

27. Basic Features Provided by GSM
Call Waiting
Notification of an incoming call while on the handset
Call Hold
Put a caller on hold to take another call
Call Barring
All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls
Call Forwarding
Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the user
Multi Party Call Conferencing
Link multiple calls together

28. Advanced Features Provided by GSM
Calling Line ID
Incoming telephone number displayed
Alternate Line Service
One for personal calls
One for business calls
Closed User Group
Call by dialing last for numbers
Advice of Charge
Tally of actual costs of phone calls
Fax & Data
Virtual Office / Professional Office
Roaming
Services and features can follow customer from market to market

29. Present scenario
2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies.
2.5G provides some of the benefits of 3G (e.g. it is packet-switched) and can use some of the existing 2G infrastructure such as GSM networks.
GPRS and EDGM services got introduced due to the increase in the demand of internet. Currently we are in 2.5G which comprises of GSM, EDGM and GPRS.

30. GPRS Stand for General Packet Radio Service
packet oriented Mobile Data Service available to users of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM).
Provide Internet communication services such as and World Wide Web access.
Always connected and send data immediately
higher speeds: typically kbps.

31. GPRS data is handled as a series of "packets" that can be routed over several paths through the network, rather than as a continuous bit-stream.
the information is split into separate but related "packets" before being transmitted and reassembled at the receiving end.

32. EDGE Stands for Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution.
maximum data transfer rate of 384 kbps
EDGE offers the best that can be achieved with a 2.5G network

33. Future -- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System)
Reasons for innovations
new service requirements
availability of new radio bands
User demands
seamless Internet-Intranet access
wide range of available services
compact, lightweight and affordable terminals
simple terminal operation
open, understandable pricing structures for the whole spectrum of available services

34. 3rd Generation 3G was introduced in the United States early in 2002.
send data up to 40 times the rates of earlier digital networks.
Applicable to mobile as well as fixed wireless systems.
Should be operational on, above and below the earth.
Example: UMTS

35. Potential for 3G Homes Business and Govt. offices
Medical establishments
Military departments
Private and commercial vehicles
Commercial watercraft and marine craft
Private and commercial aircraft

36. Possibilities with 3G Mobile internet connectivity. Mobile e-mail.
Multimedia services such as digital photos.
Wireless application downloading.
Video on demand.

37. Real-time multiplayer gaming.
Enhanced emergency and location based service.
Push to talk & push to video message.
Voice/high quality audio.
E-Commerce

38. Evolution of 3G
I.T.U.

39. I.T.U. Leading UN agency for Information & Communication.
Organizes Telecom events.
Includes 191 member states and more than 700 sector members and associates.
Made a 3G standard called IMT-2000

40. IMT 2000 Single global wireless standard.
linking of diverse systems of terrestrial and/or satellite based networks.

41. IMT 2000 got split into various family of standards
W-CDMA(UMTS)
TD-CDMA
CDMA 2000

42. Various 3G services used across the world
Mobile T.V. based on video streaming, T-Mobile (Germany).
Mobile Earth for navigation, Vodafone (Germany).
Mobile Radio based on audio streaming, TELUS Mobility (Canada).
Banking & Finance services, Telstra (Australia).

43. Network Architecture

44. W-CDMA Technology behind UMTS Closely linked to GSM standard
It was evolved by 3GPP
Was finalized in 1999

45. W-CDMA layers

46. W-CDMA Spreading

47. Technical Specifications
Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps.
UMTS uses 15 slots per frame.
Adaptive power control based on SIR.
Smart antennas can be used to increase capacity and coverage.
QPSK Modulation

48. Frequency band 1920-1980 MHz and 2110-2170 MHz.
Channel Bit Rate 5.76 Mbps.
Frame length is 10 ms(38400 chips).
Number of Chips per slot is 2560

49. W-CDMA has Two modes of Operation
Time Division Duplex (TDD).
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD).

50. TDD
Time-division duplexing (TDD) is the application of time-division multiplexing to separate outward and return signals. It emulates full-duplex communication over a half-duplex communication link
In this method uplink and downlink transmission are carried over the same frequency band using synchronized time intervals.

51. FDD
The uplink and downlink transmissions employ two different frequency band. A pair of frequency band with specified separation is assigned for a connection

52. Advantages of W-CDMA High service flexibility
Built in support for future capacity & coverage enhancing technologies.
Efficient packet access.
Supports high speed data services