1. Energy and Earth

2. Energy It’s all about energy.
Energy and its transfer controls the Universe and Earth’s systems.
What is energy?
The ability to do work or make a change.

3. Sources of Energy
Electromagnetic – Energy from the electromagnetic spectrum
Chemical – Energy released during a chemical reaction.
Nuclear – Energy released during fission or fusion

4. Electromagnetic Energy
Energy that radiates from the sun.
Electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) arranged by wavelength.
All EM waves travel at the speed of light.
Only difference between EM waves is wavelength.

5. Chemical Energy
Energy released during a chemical reaction.
Burning

6. Nuclear Fusion Atoms fuse together to form a larger atom.
Results in a release of energy.
Sun
Hydrogen atoms fuse together to form a helium atom.

7. Nuclear Fission
The splitting of an atom’s nucleus into two smaller nuclei.
Results in a release of energy.
Earth’s core
Atoms decay creating heat.

8. It’s Fairly Simple Earth has two sources of energy:
Radioactive decay in the core (fission) - Internal
Fusion in the sun radiates to the Earth in the form of electromagnetic energy - External
Both sources of energy are nuclear.

9. States of Energy
Potential – Stored energy – gasoline, snow pack, reservoir.
Kinetic – The energy of motion – flowing water, waves, landslides, thunderstorm.

10. Thermal Energy
Heat is thermal energy transferring from one substance to another.
Differences in temperature cause the transfer.
Matter does NOT contain heat.
Matter contains thermal energy.

11. Thermal Energy (cont.) Heat is thermal energy in transit.
After heat is transferred, it ceases to be heat and becomes thermal energy again.

12. Transfer of Energy Three ways to transfer energy 1
Conduction – the movement of heat (energy) in solids by its contact with a hotter object.
– slow process (core-mantle)

13. Transfer of Energy 2
Convection – the movement of heat by currents in liquids & gases because of temperature and density differences.
- Fast process (air, upper mantle)

14. Transfer of Energy 3
Radiation – the transfer of heat in gases or a vacuum in the form of waves.
Hot objects radiate heat.
Very fast process (infrared, ultraviolet waves)

15. Electromagnetic Spectrum

16. The Temperature Scales

17. Fahrenheit scale is the temperature scale in which 212 degrees is the boiling point of water and 32 degrees is the freezing point of water. The scale was invented in 1714 by the German physicist G.D. Fahrenheit ( ).
32°F=0°C 212°F=100°C Kelvin to Celsius – sub 273 1°F=(5/9)°C Celsius to Kelvin – add 273 T(°C)=(5/9)[T(°F) -32] T(°F) = (9/5)T(°C) + 32

19. Atoms Become excited as the added energy causes
electrons to jump up an energy level
They move faster and
farther apart.

20. Temperature Is the measure of how fast atoms are moving.
The more energy into the system the faster the atoms will move and the higher the temperature.

21. Density Is the measure of the number of atoms in a given area.
The faster the atoms move and the farther apart they get the fewer there will be in the same area.

22. Volume Is the space a set number of atoms occupy.
The farther apart the atoms are the more space they take up.

23. Pressure
Is the measure of how many atoms are pushing on a given space.
The fewer the atoms on a given space the lower the pressure.

24. A Note on Pressure
Pressure will decrease as long as the atoms are able to move freely.
If the atoms are contained the pressure will increase as they try to spread out.
Think of a tea kettle and a pot of boiling water.
Increased pressure
Decreased pressure

25. Laws of energy (or thermodynamics):
1st: Law of conservation: You can’t create or destroy energy…you can only change its form.
2nd: Law of entropy: When you increase energy, you always decrease order. When you decrease energy, you increase order (imagine a classroom full of energy…there is no order; but a classroom with no energy has lots of order)
3rd: Absolute zero: The coldest possible temperature is -273 degrees Celsius. At that temperature the atoms stop moving completely. Even the atoms in solids stop vibrating. This is ‘absolute order’

27. Focused Free Write:
Connect these words/ideas together in a sensible manner (in context).
thermometer
molecules
expands
volume
farther apart
dense (density)
temperature
energy

28. Equilibrium / Homeostasis
Nature wants everything to be equal and balanced.
If hot and cold water are put together what happens?
The energy is spread equally until the temperature is the same throughout.
Open a bottle of perfume. Does the fragrance stay in the bottle or diffuse?

29. ENERGY & IT’S TRANSFER DRIVES THE EARTH SYSTEMS
OCEAN CURRENTS
PLATE TECTONICS
WEATHER SYSTEMS
RADIOACTIVE DECAY

30. THE END