1. Introduction to Internet & Internet Application IT-402

2. What is Internet? A network of networks
Internet is a network made of lots of interconnected networks.
It is a wide area network.
It is a wonderful and surprising achievement in the field of computer science.
Internet support companies, and just about every type of other organization.

3. History Of Internet
The Internet began in 1969, as an experimental four–computer network called ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency), which was designed by the U.S Defense Department so that research scientist could communicate . In approximately two years , ARPAnet grew to about two dozen sites and by 1981, consisted of more than two hundred sites . In 1990, ARPAnet was officially disbanded and the network , which now consisted of hundreds of sites , came to known as the Internet.

4. How Internet Works?
There is no particular organization that controls the Internet.
Different networks of private companies , government agencies , research organizations , universities etc are interconnected together.
Internet is a huge collection of millions of computer, all linked together on a network.
Network allows all the computers to communicate with each other.
A home computers are connected to the internet using phone line modem DSL (Digital Subscribe Line) or cable modem that communicate to ISP( Internet service providers)

5. How Internet Works?
ISPs then connect to the large ISPs , and the largest ISPs maintain fiber-optic backbones” for entire region.
Backbones around the world are connected through the fiber-optic lines, under sea cables or satellite links.
In this way every computer on the Internet is connected to every other computer on the Internet.
ISP: It is a company that provides the internet connection to the users . There are many ISP companies in each big cities of each country of the world.

6. What is Intranet and Extranet
An organization network through which files and messages are exchanged among the users of an organization only is called the Intranet. This type of network uses the same protocol as used in the Internet but through the intranet the information can not exchanged outside the organization.
Extranet :
An extranet is a network of multiple intranets . It means that different companies are connected together for the collaboration among the companies. On an each extranet each company connected gives selected rights to employees of one or more other companies to access its intranet in order to communicate and share information and ideas relevant to that companies.

7. Services of Internet
The internet provide a number of services such as :
World Wide Web
Chatting
News Groups
Electronic
FTP
Electronic E-Commerce

8. World Wide Web
The world wide web is the fastest growing part of the internet.
The World Wide Web is a world wide information service on the internet.
This is a graphical environment that allows the text and pictures to be displayed on your screen.
WWW uses special software called web Browsers and TCP/IP, HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) and a web server to function.

9. Chatting People are talking to other people all around the world.
They enter to the chat room in order to chat with other people.
They send messages to each other, discuss ideas and events.
They are using different services like MSN Messenger and Yahoo Messenger.

10. News Groups News groups are included in internet.
They can be accessed with the help of your Internet Browsers and enable us to take part in the discussion of interest with like-minded people from around the world.

11. Electronic Mail ( E-Mail)
This service is available over the internet enabling to send and receive the messages on the global basis.
People uses for anything for which they might uses paper mail, faxes , special document or telephone lines.
You can communicate globally for the cost of local phone call.
The reason for this is that you are connected to the internet through ISP by dialing a local dialup numbers.

12. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
FTP is simply a way to transfer the files to and from the internet.
FTP is not just a protocol but also as a service and an application.
FTP provides the facility to transfer the files between two computers running different operating system .
FTP is a service for copying the files from one computer to another computer.
For two computers to actually make use of the service of FTP , both computers requires a special application software.FTP is an application for copying files

13. Electronic E-Commerce
This is the modern way for selling and buying goods over the internet in a secure manner.
Credit cards are used for payment.
Many services are available for handling credit cards over the internet with security.

14. Addressing Schemes IP addressing DNS addressing
The purpose of the internet is to establish a connection between large numbers of computers all over the world. Computer can send and receive the data to each other.
On the Internet every computer has a unique address with a reference of this address a computer can communicate with other computer on the internet. There are two types of addressing schemes recognized on internet.
IP addressing
DNS addressing

15. IP Addressing IP stands for internet protocol.
It is a unique identifier for a node on the Internet.
It is a numerical address with four numbers separated by dots i-e
For the internet to function smoothly each machine has a unique IP address.
The four numbers in the IP address are called octets and have a value between 0 to 255.

16. IP Addressing A server has a static IP address that does not change.
A home computer that is dialing up through a modem often has an IP address provided by ISP. That IP is unique for the session but may be different for the next time when machine is connected.

17. DNS Addressing DNS stands for Domain Name System.
The human readable name assigned to the computer (server) on the Internet is called Domain name.
It is common and unique text name. For example, “hotmail .com” is permanent and human readable name.
It is easier to remember than IP address.
The domain “hotmail .com” actually has two parts a host name and top-level domain(TLD). The top-level domain represents the institution , which uses the address . It comes at the end of domain name separated with dot(.) and specifies the type of domain .

18. DNS Addressing Domain Type of institution .com Business .edu
Educational institutions
.gov
Government organizations
.mil
Military organizations
.org
Other organizations

19. Website Terminologies

20. Website Terminologies
The most important parts of the World Wide Web are the elements such as servers , pages, hot links and more ,all of which comprises the volume of the WWW . The following are some related terms you may see
Website
Home page
Link
HTTP
Webmaster

21. Web Site Terminology Domain Name Uniform Resource Locator
Internet Service Provider
Browser
Client
Hot list

22. Web Site Terminology Web Site: Home Page:
A collection of World Wide Web documents , usually consisting of a home page and several related pages . You might think of a web site as an attractive electronic book.
Home Page:
Frequently, the “ cover ” of a particular Website . The home page is the main , or the first page displayed for an organization or person’s World Wide Web site.

23. Web Site Terminology Link: HTTP:
Short for “ hypertext link ” . A link provides the path that connects you from one part of World Wide Web document to another part of the same document , a different document , or another resource. A link usually appeared as a uniquely colored word that you can click to be transported to another web page.
HTTP:
Stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. It is a protocol for accessing World Wide Web documents . It is primary access method for interacting with Internet.

24. HTTP Stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Allows computers on the WWW to communicate with one another.
Handles the “request” sent to the Web server and the “response” received from the Web server.

25. Web Site Terminology HTML: Webmaster:
Stands for “ Hyper Text Markup Language ” . HTML is a coding language for the World Wide Web that informs the web browsers how to display a document text, links , graphics and other media. This language forms the foundation for all Web pages.
Webmaster:
The individual responsible for maintaining and updating the content of World Wide document . Webmaster are the creative forces behind the World Wide Web.

26. Web Site Terminology Domain Name: Uniform Resource Locator(URL):
The portion of the Internet address (URL) following the double forward slashes (//) that identifies an Internet host site .Domain name are usually two or more terms separated by periods. Some example are , .
Uniform Resource Locator(URL):
A URL serves as identification for all the World Wide Web documents . It is an Internet address for locating Internet elements , such as server sites , documents , files and so on.

27. Protocol needed to communicate with Web server
URLs
Stands for Uniform Resource Locator
Also called the Web page’s address
You typically type it into your Web browser’s location bar when you want to view a Web page
Protocol needed to communicate with Web server
Name of Web server

28. Web Site Terminology Internet Service Provider(ISP):
ISP is a company that sells computer access to the Internet. A user buys a subscription from Internet service Provider, which gives the user an identifying name and password and a phone number. With his or her computer modem , the user calls and connect to and log on to the service provider’s computer. ISP also supports to high speed dial up access , such as digital subscriber line(DSL) , cable modem or a satellite , if available in the area.

29. Web Site Terminology Browsers: Client:
A software program that request , interprets and presents World Wide Web documents . Frequently used Web Browsers include Internet Explorer , Netscape Communicator , Mozilla Firefox.
Client:
In addition to being a computer , a client also can be software program that request and acquires information from computers that store World Wide Web documents and files. World Wide Web Browsers are also called clients.

30. Web Site Terminology Hot list:
An option available in most World Wide Web browsers that maintain a list of frequently accessed home pages. A hot list also refers to a list of home pages related to the particular subject that is published on an organization’s home page.

31. Web Servers and Clients
A Web server is a computer that is programmed to send files to browsers on other computers connected to the Internet.
The Web browser, such as Firefox or Internet Explorer, is the client that sends a request for a Web page.
The Web server answers the request and delivers the requested page to the browser so you can view it.

32. Web Server Web pages are created using HTML syntax.
These pages must be organized and stored on central computers.
Computers which store web pages in the form of directories and files and provide these files to be read are called “Servers”.

33. Web Server
The server computer runs special software called “Web Server ” software that allows :
Web Site management
Accept Client’s request for information
Respond to a client’s request by providing the page with required information.
Some of the most popular software , which servers run to allow them to respond to client request for information , is Internet Information Server (I.I.S), Apache Web Server, Netscape server and Microsoft Personal web Server.

34. Web Client OR Web Browsers
Web Clients runs special software called a “Browsers” that allows them to
Connect to appropriate Server
Query the server for the information to be read
Provides an interface to read the information returned by the server.
Some of the most popular Browser software that clients run to allow them to query Web Servers for information is Netscape Communicator , Internet Explorer.

35. Web Client OR Web Browsers
To access information stored in the form of Web pages , users must connect to a Web Server. Once connected , an interface that displays the contents of the Web pages is required.
Computer that offers the facility to read information stored on web pages is called “Web Client ”.

36. Web Server-Client Diagram

37. Surfing the web Introduction of different search engines.
How to Google
Using operators to make your search better
Different flavors of Google (scholars, research, images, news, etc.)

38. Internet Application

39. Internet Application E-mail Instant Messaging Collaborative Computing
understanding Addresses
Routing of
Instant Messaging
Collaborative Computing
Grid
Social networking
Forums
Societies

40. Using
The only internet service that is more frequently used than the web is electronic mail.
is a system for exchanging messages through a computer network.
was one of the first uses of the internet, and quickly became a popular feature because it lets user exchange messages from anywhere in the world.
is less expensive than using the telephone because there is no charge for using it, beyond the regular fees you pay your ISP.
is a faster way to communicate than postal mail because messages typically reach their destination in seconds rather than days.
Ability to attach data.
is not a real time communications system.

41. Understanding
The most common way to create, send, and receive is by using an program and an internet connection through an ISP or LAN.
Popular internet programs include MS-Outlook, MS-Outlook Express, Netscape Messenger, and others.

42. E-mail Addresses Account on internet Unique address Unique name
When you send an message is stored on a server until the recipient can retrieve it. This type of server is called a mail server.
Many mail server use the post office protocol & are called POP server.
POP server are maintained for storing and forwarding messages.

43. Using an E-mail Program
Creating a message or compose.
Receiving and reading a message
Reply
Print
Forward
Delete

44. More features on the internet
News
FTP
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) and web based chat
Online services

45. Internet Relay Chat (IRC) & Web Based Chat
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a form of real-time Internet text messaging (chat)
It is mainly designed for group communication in discussion forums, called channels.
It also allows one-to-one communication via private message.

46. Internet Relay Chat (IRC) & Web Based Chat
Example:
mIRC is a popular Internet Relay Chat client used by millions of people, and thousands of organizations, to communicate, share, play and work with each other on IRC networks around the world. Serving the Internet community for over a decade, mIRC has evolved into a powerful, reliable and fun piece of technology.

47. Internet Relay Chat (IRC) & Web Based Chat
Allows users to communicate in real time using easily accessible web interfaces.
It is a type of internet online chat distinguished by its simplicity and accessibility to users who do not wish to take the time to install and learn to use specialized chat software.
Only a web browser is required to chat.

48. Routing of
routing is performed based entirely on the destination address of the message.
An address has the following format: domain.
The local mail server then performs a DNS lookup to find the 'MX' (mail exchanger) records for the recipient's domain name.
These MX devices are the designated mail servers for all addresses within that domain.

49. Routing of
The local server then attempts an SMTP connection to each of the MX servers until a connection is successful.
It forwards the message to the remote server and ends the connection.
The remote mail server then either repeats this process, forwarding the message closer to the proposed recipient, or may deliver the message directly to the recipient.

50. Collaborative Computing
Collaborative computing is a term describing a variety of activities where people interact with one another using desktops, laptops, palmtops, and sophisticated digital cellular phones.
As computers are best at handling data and representing information, person-to-person communication is enriched by an ability to share, modify, or collaboratively create data and information.

51. Grid Computing
Grid computing has emerged as one of the key computing pattern enabling large-scale and enhanced scientific activities to be carried out via collaborations on a global scale.
Grid Computing enables the virtualization of distributed computing, data resources and the network bandwidth to create a single system image.
Grid computing is based on an open set of standards and protocols that enable communication across heterogeneous, geographically dispersed environments.
They are often connected to each other through fast LAN

52. Social Networking
A social network is a social structure made of individuals (or organizations) called "nodes," which are connected by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, financial exchange, dislike, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or status.
Social networking is the grouping of individuals into specific groups, like small rural communities or a neighborhood subdivision. Although social networking is possible in person, especially in the workplace, universities, and high schools, it is most popular online.

53. Social Networking: Forums and Societies
Yahoo! Groups Yahoo! Groups is a social network with an huge community.
Create, search for, and join discussion groups to chat with people who share similar interests.
Search for groups by keyword, or browse for groups by category including business & finance, computers & Internet, cultures & community, entertainment & arts, family & home, games, government & politics, health & wellness, hobbies & crafts, music, recreation & sports, regional, religion & beliefs, schools & education and science.

54. Social Networking: Forums and Societies
Google Groups Create, search for, and join discussion and mailing groups on Google Groups.
Browse for groups by category or search by keyword.
Tour Google Groups to discover the latest features, and learn how to create your own group, browse existing groups, and communicate easily.
The Google Groups help site includes answers to frequently asked help questions.
Visit the FAQ to learn more about Google Groups. Get help from other Google Group users in the Google Groups Guide discussion forum.

55. Thank You..