1. L. Dalia Kamal Eldien MSc in Microbiology
Basic Microbiology
L. Dalia Kamal Eldien
MSc in Microbiology
Lecture NO: 1

2. Objectives Definition of microbiology Definition of microorganisms
At the end of this lecture, the student should know:
Definition of microbiology
Definition of microorganisms
Benefits of microorganisms
Harmful effects of microorganisms
Types of microorganisms
Classification of biological cells

3. Mrs. Dalia Kamal Eldien MSC in microbiology
Introduction
What is Microbiology?
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms
Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye
Bio – life
logy - study of
Mrs. Dalia Kamal Eldien MSC in microbiology

4. What are Microorganisms?
Also called as Microbes are minute living things , usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye.
Must be examined by various types of microscope
Microorganisms can be found in every ecosystem and in close association with every type of multicellular organism.
Microorganisms can live in the air, on land, and in fresh or salt water environments.

5. Types of microorganisms
The Types of microorganisms
Bacteria (singular, bacterium)
Viruses (singular, virus)
Fungi (singular, fungus)
Parasites (singular, parasite)
Algae (singular, alga)
Mrs. Dalia Kamal Eldien MSC in microbiology

6. Disciplines of microbiology
So microbiology science can be classify to or divided into:
Bacteriology study of …….
Virology study of …….
Mycology study of …….
Parasitology study of …….
Phycology study of …….
Mrs. Dalia Kamal Eldien MSC in microbiology

7. Benefits of microorganisms
Production of antibiotics (chemical substance produce by living microorganisms and inhibit the growth of other organisms) e.g. penicillin, streptomycin
Biotechnology techniques : an area of science that applies microbial genetics to biological processes for the production of useful substances.

8. Benefits of microorganisms
3. Ecology : bacteria& fungi present in nature responsible for recycling of waste, they break down dead and dying organic materials (plants and animals) into nitrates, phosphates, and other chemicals necessary for the growth of plants, also increase the soil fertility

9. Benefits of microorganisms
4.Production of food e.g. cheese, yogurt, cake, bread … 5. Play role in human body immunity, as part of normal human flora (microbes that normally live in association with humans on the various surfaces of the body

10. Example to some food use microorganism for their production

13. Normal flora Importance of normal flora bacteria in human body:-
Play a role in innate immunity by competition of nutrients and receptor sites for the invading pathogen .
Bacterial colonization of a newborn infant acts as a powerful stimulus for the development of the immune system.
Production of important nutrients, such as vitamin K, and aid in digestion and absorption of nutrients.

14. Normal flora
Harmful effect of normal flora, i.e. the normal flora can convert in to pathogenic microorganisms, if:
Normal flora change their normal site in the body
Some pathogens gain a competitive advantage due to decrease the populations of harmless competitors.
In the immunocompromised persons

15. Distribution of normal flora in body

16. Question :
What are the harmful effects of microorganisms?

17. Answer:
Those relatively few species of microorganisms that are harmful to humans, causing disease either by:
Production of toxic compounds, or by
Direct infection

18. Microorganisms
According to the pathogenicity the microorganisms classify in to:
Pathogenic: microorganisms that have the ability to cause disease
Non-pathogenic: microorganisms that can not cause disease
Opportunistic:  microorganisms that causing disease when they have an opportunity, like in people with low immune system

19. Question :
Which types of microbe can cause infectious disease? 

20. Answer :
All viruses are pathogenic, few of bacteria, parasite& fungi as well
Only the algae are lacking pathogens. 

23. Mrs.:Dalia Kamal Eldien MSC in microbiology
Based on the difference in cellular organization and biochemistry, all living cells are classified into Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, based on their structural and functional characteristics.
Mrs.:Dalia Kamal Eldien MSC in microbiology

24. Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell
Types
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Nucleus
Present
Absent
Number of chromosomes
More than one
One-but not true chromosome is Plasmids
Cell Type
Multicellular
Unicellular
True Membrane bound Nucleus
Lysosomes and peroxisomes
Cell size
10–100 mm in diameter
0.2–2 mm in diameter

25. Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Endoplasmic reticulum
Present
Absent
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Larger 80s
Smaller 70s
Golgi apparatus
Cell division
Mitosis or meiosis
Binary fission
Mrs. Dalia Kamal Eldien
MSC in microbiology

26. Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

27. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Bacteria
Blue green algae
Eukaryotic
Fungi
Parasite
Other algae
Plants
Animals

28. Main differences between microorganisms
Criterion
Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasite
Cell type NO
prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell wall
yes
Size nm
1-2 (10) μm
5-10 μm μm
Note:-Viruses -are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have a cellular structure, and so not fit into any organizational scheme of living cells.

30. Sources
Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology, 3rd Edition (2012)- Richard A. Harvey- Bruce D. Fisher- Richard A. Harvey-(chapter1&2)