1. Population & the Environment
What is demography and what are its basic ideas?
What are the key factors shaping populations?
What are some of the environmental impacts of human societies and how can we address the problems this creates?

2. Demography: The Study of Populations
Causes of population change:
Birth rates
Death rates
Migration

3. Fertility Rates,1997

4. Infant Mortality Rates,1997

5. Age-Pyramid, Turkey 2000

6. Age-Pyramid, Turkey 2050

7. Population Growth Theory
Malthus & Marx
Neo-Malthusians
Demographic Transitions

8. Demographic Transition Graph
Stages linked to level of technology: Stage 1 = preindustrial, Stage 2 = early & mature industrial, Stage 3 = post-industrial

9. Global Population Trends
The Low-Growth North
The High-Growth South
The Good News

10. Adding Billions to World Population

11. Demographic statistics
Crude birth rate, crude death rate and annual rates of natural population change for some selected countries
Country
Crude birth rate
Crude death rate
Annual rate of natural population change (%)
United States
14.1
8.7
0.55
Canada
11.41
7.39
0.40
United Kingdom
11.76
10.38
0.14
Germany
9.35
10.49
-0.11
China
16.12
6.73
0.94
India
24.79
8.88
1.59
Pakistan
32.11
9.51
2.26
Ethiopia
45.13
17.63
2.75
Uganda
48.94
18.44
2.96
Source: Adapted from CIA World Factbook 2002

12. Why have birth rates remained high in poorer countries?

13. Migration & Turkey International Internal Reasons for migration
New Trends?
International: legal vs illegal, guest worker program, integration issues; internal: rural to urban, trends: suburbanization, return migration

14. Human Ecology
Study of interrelationships between people and their environment
Functionalism & Human Ecology
Dunlap: natural environment serves 3 basic functions for humans
Provides the resources essential for life
Serves as a waste repository
Houses our species – “habitat”
Problem: Functions compete with one another

15. Conflict View of Environmental Issues
Growing share of human & natural resources of developing countries go to rich nations
North America & Europe account for 12% of world’s population, but 60% of worldwide consumption
Most serious threat to environment comes from global consumer class

16. Air Pollution
More than 1 billion people exposed to potentially health-damaging levels of air pollution
WHO estimates up to 700,000 premature deaths per year could be prevented if pollutants brought down to safe levels

17. Water Pollution
Dumping of waste materials by industries & local governments polluted streams, rivers, and lakes
Pollution of oceans a growing concern
Over 1.1 billion people lack safe & adequate drinking water worldwide
2.6 billion people have no acceptable means of sanitation

18. Global Warming Scientific support & growing public consensus
But lack of support for tough new energy restrictions
U.S. did not sign Kyoto treaty because protocol would place the nation at disadvantage in global marketplace
Most vulnerable countries tend to be the poorest countries

19. The Impact of Globalization
Companies relocate to countries with less stringent environmental standards
Multinationals exploit resources of developing countries for short-term profit
As barriers to international movement of goods, services, and people fall, multinationals have incentive to consider cost of natural resources
Increasing need for global cooperation; Economic incentives to pollute: producers privatize profits, but social cost of polluting

20. Solutions?
Source of problem: Industrial systems (need new tech), population growth (need pop control), cultural outlook (need postmaterial culture); global cooperation is required