1. Significant Figures & Percent Error Calculation
Physics
Significant Figures & Percent Error Calculation

2. What is a significant figure?
There are 2 kinds of numbers:
Exact: the amount of money in your account. Known with certainty.

3. What is a significant figure?
Approximate: weight, height—anything MEASURED. No measurement is perfect.

4. When to use Significant figures
When a measurement is recorded only those digits that are dependable are written down.

5. When to use Significant figures
If you measured the width of a paper with your ruler you might record 21.7cm.
To a mathematician 21.70, or is the same.

6. But, to a scientist 21.7cm and 21.70cm is NOT the same
cm to a scientist means the measurement is accurate to within one thousandth of a cm.

7. But, to a scientist 21.7cm and 21.70cm is NOT the same
If you used an ordinary ruler, the smallest marking is the mm, so your measurement has to be recorded as 21.7cm.

8. How do I know how many Sig Figs?
Rule: All digits are significant starting with the first non-zero digit on the left.

9. How do I know how many Sig Figs?
Exception to rule: In whole numbers that end in zero, the zeros at the end are not significant.

10. How many sig figs? 7 40
0.5
7 x 105
7,000,000 1

11. How do I know how many Sig Figs?
2nd Exception to rule: If zeros are sandwiched between non-zero digits, the zeros become significant.

12. How do I know how many Sig Figs?
3rd Exception to rule: If zeros are at the end of a number that has a decimal, the zeros are significant.

13. How do I know how many Sig Figs?
3rd Exception to rule: These zeros are showing how accurate the measurement or calculation are.

14. How many sig figs here?
1.2
2100
56.76
4.00
0.0792
7,083,000,000 2 4 3

15. How many sig figs here?
3401
2100
2100.0
5.00
8,000,050,000 4 2 5 3 6

16. What about calculations with sig figs?
Rule: When adding or subtracting measured numbers, the answer can have no more places after the decimal than the LEAST of the measured numbers.

17. Add/Subtract examples
2.45cm + 1.2cm = 3.65cm,
Round off to = 3.7cm
7.432cm + 2cm = 9.432
Round to  9cm

18. Multiplication and Division
Rule: When multiplying or dividing, the result can have no more significant figures than the least reliable measurement.

19. A couple of examples 56.78 cm x 2.45cm = 139.111 cm2 Round to  139cm2

20. Many Operations in One Problem…
If you have several operations, you keep track of the sig figs in each step but do not round off until the very end.

21. Percent Error (Percent Deviation or Relative Error)
% error = [your result – accepted value] x 100%
accepted value
“Accepted value” is the true or book value.

22. Have Fun Measuring and Happy Calculating!
The End
Have Fun Measuring and Happy Calculating!