1. WELCOME

2. Project Title
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF MANUAL REAPER COMPARED TO MANUAL AND COMBINE HARVESTING FOR RICE AND WHEAT

3. Presenters RAMANI KANTA BARMAN Student ID. 1107049 Session: 2011
MD. ABU AYUB SIDDIQUE
Student ID
Session: 2011
MD. MAKSUDUR RAHMAN
Student ID
Session: 2011

4. INTRODUCTION

5. Agriculture contributes 20.6% of GDP of this country (BBS, 2010)
In Bangladesh almost 40% people are engaged in agricultural production activities.
Agriculture contributes 20.6% of GDP of this country (BBS, 2010)
Bangladesh is an agro-based and the most densely populated country in the world and The fundamental activity of the people of Bangladesh is agriculture
Agriculture contributes 20.6% of GDP of this country (BBS, 2010)
3. Crop sub sector alone contributes about 11% of the total GDP of the country and about 75% of the agricultural GDP (GOB, 2011).
Only crop contributes about 11% of the total GDP of the country.

6. Rice is one of the leading cereal crops in the world
About million hectares were under the cultivation of rice in Bangladesh that was 88% of the gross cropped land of the country (BBS, 2014)
Annual production of rice was million tones with 154 million hectares of cultivable lands under the 113 countries in the world (FAO, 2015)

7. Wheat is the second leading cereal crop after rice
One of the most important winter crops and
Temperature sensitive
In Bangladesh, 24.93% annual mean growth rate (BARI, 2010)
Occupies 4% of the total cropped area
Also occupies 11% of the area cropped in rabi season
Contributes 7% to the total output of food cereals (Anonymous, 2008)

8. In Bangladesh, traditional harvesting is done by labors with sickle which is
Laborious,
Costly
Time consuming and
Greater shattering losses due to late harvesting for the lack of labours available in time.
So, suitable machinery specially an intermediate technology for harvesting is necessary to enhance mechanization.

9. Fertilizer applicator
Present status of farm machinery used in crop production in Bangladesh (IFDC, 2013)
Sl. No.
Name of the machines
Quantity
01.
Power tiller
3,50,000
02.
Tractor
40,000
03.
Seeder
2,000
04.
Weeder
2,00,000
05.
Fertilizer applicator
8,500
06.
Sprayer
12,50,000
07.
Reaper
500
08.
Combine harvester
130
09.
Power thresher
10.
Maize seller
11.
Winnower
200
Reaper
500
Combine harvester
130

10. Types of Reaper
1. Power tiller operated and
2. Self-propelled
Manufacturers and Dealers of Reaper in Bangladesh
1. ACI
2. ALIM Industries Ltd.
3. Solar vision
4. BARI reaper
5. BAU reaper
6. The Metal (pvt.) Industries Ltd.

11. The percentages of reaper in different divisions of Bangladesh
Figure: Percentage of reaper available in different divisions (Brishti, 2014)

12. Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study was to compare the performance of a manual reaper to that of manual and combine harvesting for paddy and wheat.
Specific Objectives
To study the performance of a manual reaper
To identify the problems and prospects of reaper in harvesting
To compare mechanical harvesting with manual harvesting for selected crops
To suggest an economically feasible harvesting method for selected crops.

13. MATERIALS AND METHODS

14. Fig: Harvesting plot of paddy Fig: Harvesting plot of wheat
Experimental Site
The research work was carried out regarding paddy and wheat harvesting during Aman and Robi season in
For paddy at Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University research field
For wheat at BADC seed production field, Noshipur, Dinajpur
Fig: Harvesting plot of paddy
Fig: Harvesting plot of wheat

15. Figure: Combine harvester
Equipment used
Figure: Manual reaper
Figure: Combine harvester

16. Engine power 1.25kw/7000r/min(2hp) Weight (kg) 9.2
Specification of a manual reaper
Engine model
1E40F
Engine type
Air-cooled, 2 stroke, single cylinder petrol
Engine power
1.25kw/7000r/min(2hp)
Carburetor
Diaphragm Type
Starting method
Manually drawing wound rope
Fuel tank capacity (Lit)
1.2
Ratio of fuel and lubricant
30:1
Type
Hand-type Harvester
Power source
Petrol
circular saw blade diameter (cm) 25
Metal plate height (cm) 11
Shaft length (mm)
1670
Shaft diameter (mm) 28
Shaft thickness (mm) 2
Color
red
Weight (kg)
9.2
Engine power
1.25kw/7000r/min(2hp)
Weight (kg)
9.2

17. Model Farmtrac –FT70 Power 60hp 44.76 kw Engine Make Escorts Model
Specification of the Farmtrac-FT70 Combine Harvester
Engine
Make
Escorts
Model
Farmtrac –FT70
Power
60hp
44.76 kw
Number of cylinder 4
Piston displacement
3320 cc
Gross power
60/2220
Cooling system
Water cooled (Forced)
Fuel
4-stoke cycle, Diesel engine
Fuel Tank Capacity
110 lit
Power Transmission
Hydraulic Static Transmission
Power Transmission Stage
2×3
Speed (km/hr)
Forward
Backward
2.5
Model
Farmtrac –FT70
Power
60hp
44.76 kw

18. Harvested Plots Fig: Wheat harvesting by reaper
Fig: Paddy harvesting by reaper
Fig: Wheat harvest by combine harvester
Fig: Wheat harvest manually
Fig: Harvested plot by reaper
Fig: Harvested plot by reaper

19. Fig: Harvested plot (wheat) by combine harvester
Operation Time and Cutting Area
13.1m×7.9m area (2.26 decimal) = 40 minutes (1 labour by reaper)
m×152.39m area ( decimal) =4 hours (4 labours by combine harvester)
34m×20m area (16.79 decimal) = 2.3 hours (12 labours manually)
79.24m×20.42m area (39.95 decimal) =4 hours (1 labour by reaper)
17.67m×12.80m area (5.58 decimal) =4 hours (1 labour manually)
Fig: Harvested plot (paddy) by reaper
Fig: Harvested plot (paddy) by reaper
Fig: Harvested plot (paddy) manually
Fig: Harvested plot (paddy) manually
Fig: Harvested plot (wheat) by reaper
Fig: Harvested plot (wheat) manually
Fig: Harvested plot (wheat) by combine harvester

20. Fc= 𝐪 𝐭 C= 𝐀 𝐓 Fuel Consumption
Fuel consumption was calculated by using standard method as follows
Fc= 𝐪 𝐭
Where,
Fc = Fuel consumption (lit/hr)
q = Quantity of fuel consumed (lit)
t = Consumption time (hr)
Effective Field Capacity
By using the following formula field capacity and field efficiency were calculated
C= 𝐀 𝐓
Where,
C = field capacity (ha/hr)
T = total time for the reaping operation (hr)
A= area of land reaped at specified time (ha)

21. Ef = 𝐀𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 ×100
Theoretical Field Capacity
Theoretical field capacity, computed based on the forward speed and the cutting width of reaper.
TFC= 𝐒𝐖 𝐂
Where,
TFC = Theoretical field capacity (ha/hr)
W = Cutting width (m)
S = Operating speed (km/hr)
C = Constant, 10
Field Efficiency
Field efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual field capacity to theoretical field capacity, expressed in percent
Ef = 𝐀𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 ×100
Where,
Ef = Field Efficiency (%)
EFC = Actual field capacity (ha/hr)
TFC = Theoretical field capacity (ha/hr)

22. Harvesting Cost (Fixed cost + Variable cost)
1. Depreciation
2. Interest on investment
3. Tax, insurance and shelter
Variable cost
1. Repair and Maintenance
2. Fuel cost
3. Lubricant cost
4. Labour cost

23. Fixed cost D= 𝐏−𝐒 𝐋 I= 𝐏+𝐒 𝟐 ×i
1. Depreciation was determined by straight-line method by the following equation
D= 𝐏−𝐒 𝐋
Where,
D = Mean yearly depreciation (Tk/yr)
P = Purchase value (Tk)
S = Salvage value (Tk)
L = Useful life (yr)
2. Interest is an actual cost in agricultural machinery and was determined by straight line method by the following equation
I= 𝐏+𝐒 𝟐 ×i
Where,
I = Interest on investment (Tk/yr)
P = Purchase value (Tk)
S = Salvage value (Tk)
i = interest rate (%)

24. Total fixed cost was calculated as
3. Tax, insurance and shelter
For manual reaper was considered 0.03% of purchase price.
For combine harvester was considered 2.5% of purchase price (Hunt, 1973).
Total fixed cost was calculated as
FC = Depreciation + Interest on investment + Tax, insurance and shelter
Total variable cost was calculated as
VC = R&M + Fuel cost + Lubricant cost + Labor cost
Where,
VC = Variable Cost (Tk/ha)
R&M= Repair and Maintenance cost (0.025% of purchase price)
Fuel cost= 68 Tk/lit (Diesel)
Lubricant cost= 15% of Fuel cost
Labor cost= 300 Tk/day

25. Break-even Area B= 𝐅 Va −Vm
The break-even area in which the harvesting cost per unit area is equal for machine and manual was determined by the following equation (Alizadeh et al., 2007).
B= 𝐅 Va −Vm
Where,
B = Break-even point (ha/yr)
F = Fixed cost of machine (Tk/yr)
Va = Variable costs of manual method (Tk/ha)
Vm= Variable costs for machinery method (Tk/ha)

26. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

27. Field Performance
Performance test of manual reaper (for paddy)
Plot No.
Length (m)
Width (m)
Area (m2)
Fuel consumption ( lit/hr)
Average fuel consumption (lit/hr)
Field capacity
( m2/hr)
Field capacity (ha/hr)
Field capacity (ha/day)
Average
Field capacity (ha/day) 01
10.1
5.5
55.55
1.095
555.5
0.0555
0.444 02
8.1
1.3
10.53
0.550
0.755
344.62
0.035
0.276
0.3485 03
1.6
12.96
0.620
405.7
0.041
0.325
0.755
0.3485

28. Field capacity (ha/hr) Average field capacity
Performance test of manually harvested plot (for paddy)
Plot No.
Length (m)
Width (m)
Area (m2)
Field capacity (m2/hr)
Field capacity (ha/hr)
Field capacity
(ha/man day)
Average field capacity 01
36.57
25.91
947.52
411.08
0.04
0.027 02 34 20
680
302.22
0.03
0.0302 03 40 28
1120
448
0.045
0.036

29. Field capacity (ha/hr) Field capacity (ha/day)
Comparison of the performance of reaper, combine harvester and manual harvesting for wheat
Method
Length (m)
Width (m)
Area (m2)
Fuel consumption
( lit/hr)
Field capacity
( m2/hr)
Field capacity (ha/hr)
Field capacity (ha/day)
Manual reaper
79.24
20.42
0.625
404.52
0.04
0.3236
Combine harvester
152.39
212.45 14
0.809
6.474
Manual
17.67
12.802 _
56.544
0.0056
0.0452
0.625 14
0.3236
6.474
0.0452

30. 4032 9600 Harvesting Cost Manual harvesting cost
Estimated total cost of reaper and manual harvesting (for paddy)
Machine harvesting cost
Manual harvesting cost
Cost items
Tk/yr
Tk/ha
Tk/hr
Fixed cost
Considered 32 nos. labors per hectare
37.5
Depreciation
Interest on investment
Taxes, insurances and shelter
Total fixed cost
1080
792
300
2172
498
21.72
Variable cost
Fuel
oil
labor
Repair and maintenance
Total variable cost
1733
75.5 52
2.3
1721 75 28
1.2
3534
154
Total cost of harvesting
4032
175.72
9600
4032
9600

31. Estimated total cost of reaper and manual harvesting (for wheat)
Machine harvesting cost
Manual harvesting cost
Cost items
Tk/yr
Tk/ha
Tk/hr
Fixed cost
Considered 23 nos. labors per hectare
37.5
Depreciation
Interest on investment
Taxes, insurances and shelter
Total fixed cost
1080
792
300
2172
498
21.72
Variable cost
Fuel
oil
labor
Repair and maintenance
Total variable cost
966
62.5 53
2.3
1721 75 28
1.2
2768
141
Total cost of harvesting
3266
163
6900
3266
6900

32. Estimated total fixed cost of reaper and combine harvester (for wheat)
Cost item
Combine harvester
Reaper
Tk/yr
Tk/ha
Tk/hr
Tk./yr
Fixed cost
Depreciation
320100
1080
Interest on investment
195940
792
Shelter, Tax and Insurance
97000
300
Total Fixed cost
613040
2105
1703
2172
498
21.72
2105
498

33. Estimated total variable cost of reaper and combine harvester (for wheat)
Cost item
Combine harvester
Reaper
Tk/ha
Tk./hr
Variable cost
Fuel cost
955.87
966
62.5
Oil cost
176
143 53
2.3
Labour cost
185.41
150
1721 75
Repair and maintenance
888.16
718.52 28
1.2
Total variable cost
2432
1968
2768
141
Total harvesting cost
(total variable cost + total fixed cost)
4850
4324
3266
163
4850
3266

34. Comparative harvesting cost of reaper and manual harvesting (for paddy)
Harvesting cost (Tk./ha)
Harvesting time ( hr/ha)
Percent cost saved over manual harvesting  
(%)
Percent labor saved over manual harvesting (%)
Reaper (including labor for binding and collecting)
Manual
4032
9600 24
180 58 86 58 86
Comparative harvesting cost of reaper and manual harvesting (for wheat)
Harvesting cost (Tk/ha)
Harvesting time (hr/ha)
Percent cost saved over manual harvesting (%)
Percent labor saved over manual harvesting
(%)
Reaper (including labor for binding and collecting)
Manual
3266
6900 25
177 53 85 53 85

35. Fig: Cost/ha against area of operation showing break-even area
0.32
Fig: Cost/ha against area of operation showing break-even area

36. Fig: Cost/ha against area of operation showing break-even area
0.52
Fig: Cost/ha against area of operation showing break-even area

37. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

38. The experimental results shows that
For paddy 
Average Field capacity of manual reaper was ha/day
Average Field capacity of manual harvesting was ha/man day
Total cost of harvesting by manual reaper was 4032 Tk/ha
Total cost of manual harvesting was 9600 Tk/ha
Cost saved by manual reaper over manual harvesting was 58%
Labor saved by manual reaper over manual harvesting was 86%

39. For wheat Field capacity of manual reaper was 0.3236 ha/day
Field capacity of manual harvesting was ha/man day
Field capacity of combine harvester was ha/day
Total cost of harvesting by manual reaper was 3266 Tk/ha
Total cost of manual harvesting was 6900 Tk/ha
Total cost of combine harvester was 4850 Tk/ha

40. Cost saved by manual reaper over manual harvesting was 53%
Labor saved by manual reaper over manual harvesting was 85%
Cost saved by combine harvester over manual harvesting was 75%
Labor saved by combine harvester over manual harvesting was 98%

41. Therefore, harvesting by manual reaper would be economically efficient than manual harvesting and combine harvesting for fragmented lands.
However, study on field acceptance by farmer is needed for expansion of the device in the field level.