1. Columbus, Spanish, French, Dutch

2. Columbus
Looking for a new trade route to China; spread Christianity to Asian People
Reached Bahamas
Brought back no gold but reports of lands encourages monarchs to send more voyages
Began transatlantic trade in slaves
Spain wanted to make this “new world” a Spanish World

3. Columbian Exchange New World to Europe:
-corn, potatoes (white and sweet), tomatoes, cacao, beans, chilies, squash, gold and silver
Europe to New World:
-sugar cane, wheat, rice, peaches, oranges, bananas, onions, yams, peas, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, diseases

5. Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
Compromise between Spain and Portugal over claims in New World
Drew an imaginary line
West of line was Spanish Sphere of influence
East of line was Portugal’s
Reason why Brazil speaks Portuguese, not Spanish!

6. Treaty Line

7. Spanish Colonization in the Americas
“God, Glory and Gold”
South America: seize Aztecs, Incas
Aided by superior European military technology and disease (small pox)
Mesoamerica: million Natives
million Natives
Imposed Spanish law and customs on remaining Natives – often cruel and unwelcome
All of the gold and silver flowed into Spain making it the most wealthy nation in the world

8. St. Augustine, Florida
1565- Spanish build a fort at St. Augustine Florida to protect Florida from other European explorers
First permanent European settlement in U.S.

9. Forcing Catholicism Often learned Native languages
Franciscans often brutal and did not follow Spanish laws established to protect Natives
Whippings, high taxes, forced labor
Spanish missionaries, especially the Franciscans, forced Catholicism on the Natives
Missionaries were given local control over the Spanish lands in the Southwest
Built missions and churches near Indian pueblos

10. Pueblo Revolt 1680
After 100 years of abuse, Pope led peoples of 24 pueblos in revolt against the Spanish
Killed over 400 Spanish, sent 2,000 fleeing, destroyed churches, tortured and killed 21 missionaries
Natives were re-conquered a decade later, but allowed to keep their own religion

11. Conclusion: Spain in America
Spain achieved a large empire in America
Failed in religious conversion and cultural assimilation
Extent of defensible outposts by New Mexico to Florida

12. French in America
1500s French set out in search of a northwest passage to China – found Canada - discouraged by harsh winters “It is the land God gave Cain”
1608 Quebec is founded – first permanent French settlement - goals
Economic and Spiritual
“Furs and Souls”

13. Economics - Fur Trade Why the fur trade?
Requires cooperation from Indians
Indians are viewed as economic partners
Indians received guns, metal hatchets, blankets and clothing, jewelry, and knives
Beaver Hat – popular attire for Europeans
the demand for beaver hats was the driving force behind the creation of the colony of New France in Canada. Beaver was very fashionable and believed to possess supernatural powers. Europe had depleted the beaver population, so the pelts from North America were as valuable as gold.

14. Negative Effects of Fur Trade – Indian Perspective
French brought European diseases which devastated the population – 90%
Indians became dependent on European goods
French introduced alcohol
Set in motion several Indian wars

15. French Empire in North America
Established the port of New Orleans
Fur Trade Company
Not a settler colony – received limited support from Paris
Corruption hindered economic growth
French discouraged – they needed to keep an ample military supply at home – barred French Huguenots from leaving – fear not remaining loyal

16. Spiritual Impact
French Jesuits lived among Indians and learned culture and language
Did not force Indians into slavery
Addressed the needs as a result -successful in winning coverts
Indian women embraced the concept of the Virgin Mary – women became master of their own bodies
“Black Robes”

17. Dutch
1626- Peter Minuit purchases Manhattan for $24 form Canarsie Indians
Dutch established trading post at New Amsterdam (now NYC)
Became a thriving sea port and a colony open to many faiths and languages
1664- became an English colony
1609- Henry Hudson, an Englishmen, hired by the Dutch claimed the Hudson River for Holland
1624- Dutch West India Company established the colony of New Netherland to develop fur trading