1. grammar rules lesson 1
M.Shah hamzei

2. Pronunciation Falling intonation:
Statements: Her friends come to dinner.
Commands: Go sit down Come over here.
WH questions: What’s your name?
Tag questions: You live here , don’t you?
Tip: When the speaker is sure that the answer will be “yes”
The last part of alternative questions(after “or”): Do you want coffee or tea?
Rising intonation
Yes /No questions: Are you happy?

3. NOUN
AN IDEA
A PLACE
A THING
A PERSON OR ANIMAL

4. Types of Nouns

5. Types of Nouns

14. PLURAL NOUNS

15. ARTICLES DEFINITE OR INDEINITE
We use a or an When we are talking about one thing in general. Laila was born in a town in Japan. I sometimes have an egg and a cup of tea for breakfast. Let’s watch a movie. I need a new laptop. Mine is too old. Do you have a car?
We use the When we are talking about one thing in particular. The capital of e Brazil is Brasilia. Look! I found the same teddy bear I had when I was a baby. Have you seen the car keys? The president of Brazil is a woman. Could you open the windows when you arrive at the house? I saw the neighbor at the supermarket.

16. Ordinal numbers; Ex: the first Musical instruments; Ex: the Piano.
“The” is used before:
Names of seas, rivers, oceans, mountains, ranges; Ex: The Hudson river.
Ordinal numbers; Ex: the first
Musical instruments; Ex: the Piano.
Groups and classes of people; Ex: the Portuguese.
Superlatives; Ex: the best
Nouns used in a particular sense; Ex: the courage he showed was amazing.
Singular nouns that represent a group/class; Ex: the elephant is an endangered mammal.
Nouns of which there is only one; Ex: The earth

17. Omission of “the”: Games and sports; Ex: He plays football.
Abstract nouns;
Ex: Poverty.
Subjects of study;
Ex: I study English.
Gerunds;
Ex: Football is a popular hobby in England.
Contries, towns, proper nouns;
Ex: Scotland, Mr. Smith, London.
exceptions: The USA, The U.K., The Algarve
Names of meals;
Ex: at lunch, for breakfast
A number of common phrases made up of a preposition and a noun;
Ex: at university, in bed, at work
When these expressions are used with articles, they have special meanings;
Ex: She has gone to hospital. (= as a patient)

18. Types of Nouns