1. Aquaculture expands global food supply
Introduction (Steve) :08

2. Aquaculture background
Growing global population requires additional protein sources
The world’s oceans, seas and rivers cannot be depended on for food
Nearly 75 percent of the world’s fisheries are fully exploited or worse
Aquaculture provides a healthy diet for people around the world
Farmed fish convert feed more efficiently than farmed animals
Feed conversion ratios (FCR) are lower for ocean farmed fish versus farmed animals
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UN overfishing is a problem
developed and nondeveloped countries.
FAO
(50 %) are fully exploited
(20%) are overexploited
(10 %) are depleted or are recovering from depletion.
75 percent of the world’s fisheries are fully exploited or worse.
Aquaculture solves this environmental and economic challenge.
Farmed fish convert feed more efficiently than farmed animals
better positioning aquaculture to support protein demand for a growing population.
(FCR) are lower for ocean farmed fish versus farmed animals.
FCR define FCR
FCR for beef is 10:1
FCR for pork is 5:1
FCR for chicken is 2:1
FCR for farmed salmon (1.5):1
FCR for Wild Salmon (10:1)
Recyclable copper-alloy nets provide a responsible solution and promote a sustainable environment as well as sustainable business.

3. What is aquaculture?
The farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish and plants; can be land or open ocean based 
Projected growth in fish consumption of approximately 40 million tonnes per year by 2030 10 20
FAO predicts demand will surpass 180 mtpy
Aquaculture must supply this added 40 mtpy
Kg per capita
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Definition of aquaculture
the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish and plants and can be on land or in the water.
The $43 billion marine aquaculture industry produces 21 million tonnes of seafood products annually. (with and without plants)
Where Marine refers to “saltwater” aquaculture.
Aquaculture supplies half of the world’s demand for seafood.
It is the only way to meet the projected growth in fish consumption of approximately 40 million tonnes per year by 2030.
Has grown by at least 10 % per year since 1980.
The use of copper alloys in aquaculture helps promote a clean energy economy.
from decreased CO2 emissions to
increased fish mortality,
copper alloys promote “green” living and help fish farmers realize greater cost savings.
Source: UN FAO; FAO FishStat. ICA estimates and analysis* Marine & brackish water aquaculture, excluding aquatic plants

4. Copper use in aquaculture
Copper alloy nets have a minimal corrosion rate
Copper alloy nets are not coated or covered with antifouling paint
Minimal leaching
Natural oxidization creates protective patina
Lifespan > 5 years, depending on conditions
Alloys: copper-zinc, copper-nickel, copper-silicon
Net-pen configurations: rigid pens, flexible pens and outer barrier nets
Type of mesh: expanded metal, welded mesh, chain link mesh and others
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Copper-alloy nets have a minimal corrosion rate,
less than 2 % per year, at critical point near top of surface
making their lifespan longer than other net materials.
Copper mesh is not
coated in an antifouling paint that wears or corrodes over time.
Minimal leaching
nearby water concentrations of metal released are quickly reduced to safe levels
Their natural ability to stay clean
prevents them from clogging with organic matter,
improving water circulation
leading to
healthier fish,
higher yields,
lower costs reduced environmental impact as a result of increased water flow.
Bare metal placed in sea water oxidizes to form a complex and protective surface patina that inhibits further corrosion.
Copper-alloy mesh lasts for 5 years or more, depending on conditions.
It will not leach… STILL WORRIED ABOUT THIS – BOB AND I A RUNNING LEACHING TESTS IN CHILE
like an antimicrobial substance in the surface layer of paint.
Typical Alloys used are
Copper Zinc
Copper Nickel (90/10)
Silicon Bronze
Three types of mesh applications
Rigid pens
Flexible pens
Predator nets
Three types of mesh use with copper alloy
Expanded metal
Welded mesh
Chain link
This resistance to corrosion is the primary reason copper alloys are attractive for long-term uses in aquaculture.
Source: Carol Powell, Rodrigo Sanchez

5. Challenges facing fish farmers
Predators: mesh strength prevents loss to predators
Biofouling: natural ability to stay clean prevents mesh from clogging with organic matter
Disease: natural properties that prevent fouling with organic matter creates healthier conditions for raising, so antibiotics and chemical treatments are not needed
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Three main problems
Predation
Biofouling
Disease
Profitability increased due to
reduced losses from predators,
escapes and thefts,
and mortality induced
by stresses from net changes.
Predator nets are unnecessary.
Costs of predation
Porto Montt, Chile, experienced about a $80K/year or 5% of its fish.
Hawaii, $250,000 in one day due to sharks
Copper alloy nets require minimal maintenance.
Natural ability to stay clean
improves water flows
prevent organic matter from growing on the nets.
Anti-fouling properties of copper can eliminate disease vectors and dramatically improve fish health and farm yields.
Chemical treatments and divers are not needed for net cleaning.
Waters remain cleaner and farmers realize a 10% increase in profits due to reductions in labor costs.

6. Benefits of copper in aquaculture
Promotion of clean energy economy
Corrosion resistance
Natural ability to remain clean and free of organic matter
Greater cost savings
Healthier fish
Predator resistance
100 percent recyclable
Reduced CO2
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These are the messages that no one but copper can use
The reuse of copper materials saves about 95 percent of the embodied energy that would otherwise be wasted. (Embodied energy is defined as the energy required for procuring raw materials, manufacture, transport, construction, maintenance and repair.)
Corrosion resistance—oxidation creates protective patina.
Natural ability to remain clean and free of organic matter—net cleaners are not needed, so organic matter will not be suddenly released into environment
Helps farmers realize greater cost savings—nets do not need to be cleaned frequently, fish are less stressed, etc.
Discuss Cost Benefit Study of Copper versus Nylon nets being conducted at PUC Valparaiso
Larger cage volumes prevent fish overcrowding and maintain high oxidation levels, improving yields and inhibiting parasites and pathogens.
Reduces need for added antibiotics and anti-fouling chemicals
Feeding costs reduced by 15 percent or more
Strength helps resist predator such as seals, sea lions and sharks, reduces escapes of farmed fish.
Copper alloys contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions compared to conventional technology.
Recycled material used in initial production of copper-alloy mesh, further reducing CO2 emissions compared with traditional polymer nets.
The extended lifespan of copper mesh translates into fewer greenhouse gases because transportation involved with constructing, installing and removing nets is required less frequently.

7. Successful copper applications
Australia
Chile
Japan
New projects
China
Korea
Scotland
Turkey
Greece
United States
South Africa
Mozambique
Seychelles
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Copper-alloy mesh successfully used in Japan, Australia and Chile, and global use continues to expand.
Development activities and trials of improved copper-alloy materials, mesh forms and aquaculture system configurations are underway in Panama, China, Turkey, South Africa, Korea, , Scotland and the U.S.
Examples of success:
Van Diemen Aquaculture in Tasmania, Australia
EcoSea in Chile
Copper Sea, China

8. Types of fish farmed in copper pens
Fin fish
Yellow Tail (Seriola)
Salmon (Salmonids)
Sea Bass (Pagrus)
Bream (Dicentrarchus)
Cobia (Rachycentron)
Others
Crustaceans
Mollusks
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Copper-alloy based systems are targeted for marine aquaculture, specifically marine fin fish production.

9. Annual Market Opportunity at 100% Uptake
Future outlook
Trends
Offshore net pens
Compatibility with current installations
Innovative techniques expand harvest numbers
Sustainability
Growth projections
Fish consumption expected to reach 40 million tonnes per year by 2030
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In the future, the strength and durability of copper-alloy meshes may allow nets to be installed further offshore, reducing fish waste in in-shore environments.
Moving offshore also allows water to flow more freely through the nets, leading to healthier fish.
Population growth coupled with the modernization and increasing affluence of third-world countries means increased demand for protein sources.
Innovative aquaculture techniques, such as the use of copper-alloy nets, can improve global harvest numbers.
Aquaculture is the only means to meet the projected growth in fish consumption of approximately 40 million tonnes per year by 2030
Worldwide value is $100 B for all aquaculture, including aquatic plants, fin fish, crustaceans, etc.
43 Billion marine aquaculture industry producing 21 million tons of seafood products annually.
Source: UN FAO; FAO FishStat. ICA estimates and analysis* Marine & brackish water aquaculture , excluding aquatic plants,
Source: UN FAO; FAO FishStat.
Sources: John Forster, ICA; EcoSea; UNFAO Statistics
Annual Market Opportunity at 100% Uptake
Copper
50,000 tpy
Copper alloy
77,000 tpy

10. Thank you