1. Chapter 5: War and Peace Key Concept: Conquest and Consequences
How did military events and their consequences contribute to the foundations of Canada?

2. Chapter 5 Vocabulary Superpower Fact Opinion Bias Francophone Acadian
Le Grand Dérangement
Treaty
Eviction
Accommodation
Assimilation
Bilingualism
Fortress

3. Superpower - refers to a country that is more powerful than almost all other countries.
Fact – Information that is accepted as correct and true
Opinion – When people give their point of view or judge something
Bias – A personal like or dislike of something or someone that is not necessarily based on fact
Francophone - A person for whom French is the first language learned and still in use; a person of French language and culture

4. Acadian - A Francophone citizen of Acadia
Le Grand Dérangement – in 1755, British troops deported French Acadians from their homes.
Treaty - A formal agreement between nations
Eviction – the British had to decide if they should evict the Canadiens from their homes and deport them from British North America. OR

5. Accommodation - Should they leave the Canadiens alone to live as they always had, with their own religion, language, and customs?
Assimilation - A process by which culture or individual is absorbed into a more dominant culture because of its overwhelming influence
Bilingualism - A policy of recognizing two official languages
Fortress – a permanent military stronghold that often includes a town.

6. Recall the reasons for British and French Expansion of their Empires:
Economy
Competition
Religion
Curiosity/Quality of Life

7. Both Britain and France were in direct competition for controlling North America and controlling the vast amounts of resources found in the land.

8. Background to War French Perspective
Vast area of Canada was claimed by French.
Began to see themselves as a different culture of People (Canadiens)
Felt secure from attack because of dependence on France to provide soldiers to the colony.

9. British Perspective
Thirteen Colonies population was vastly larger than that of New France
Wanted land for farming, fur trade with First Nations, Access to interior of Canada, fish resources.

10. British Strengths
French Strengths
British Weakness
French Weakness

11. British Strengths French Strengths British Weakness French Weakness
• the most powerful navy in Europe
• prosperous colonies in New England, which could provide military supplies
• Haudenosaunee allies (later in the war)
• the most powerful army in Europe
• strong fortresses at Louisbourg and Québec
• many First Nations allies, including the Mi’kmaq, Maliseet , Canadian Mohawks,
Innu , Algonquin , Wendat, Ojibwa , Odawa, and Abenaki
British Weakness
French Weakness
• an army that was not used to waging forest warfare
• major challenges: that is, the need to capture the well-defended French fortresses
• constant bickering among the Thirteen Colonies
• dependence on France for supplies
• a vast territory that was hard to defend
• a single entry route to the colony: the
St. Lawrence River (In time of war, an enemy could block it.)
• military and government officials who could not agree on a defence policy

12. War in the West
First war between French and English started in the Ohio River Valley in 1754.
British lead by General George Washington lost the war to the French. He would later become the first president of the United States.
For the moment, New France was secure, but the British were determined to drive the French out of North America.

13. CASE STUDY pg. 103 Fortress Quebec

14. THINIK IT THROUGH pg Record the key factors leading to war from the French and English perspectives.
French Perspective
English Perspective

15. THINIK IT THROUGH pg Record the key factors leading to war from the French and English perspectives.
French Perspective
English Perspective
Large area of land under French control
Thirteen colonies cannot expand because the French control the Ohio valley.
Acadia populated with Francophones
Acadia under British control
New France felt secure as it was protected by Louisbourg and Quebec and soldiers from France
Wanted control of fisheries and St.Lawrence River
First Nations Allies
Haudenosaunee Allies
Had Europe’s most powerful army
Had Europe’s most powerful navy

16. Prelude to War: Acadia
By 1710, most of Acadia was under control of the British, and they changed the name of the colony to Nova Scotia.
Most of Acadia was populated still by the French people, but to control North America, Britain wanted more English people in the country, and more control.

17. Prelude to War: Acadia
Charles Lawrence, the governor of Nova Scotia wondered if the Acadians would side with the French if they were attacked.
1755, Lawrence gives an ultimatum (a threat of serious penalties) to the Acadians, either swear loyalty to the British or lose their land.
The Acadians wanted to remain neutral – they promised not to take up arms, BUT they refused to take oath.
Eventually British decide to deport the Acadians in the “Great Upheaval” of (Le Grand Derangement)

18. CASE STUDY page 107-109 “Le Grand Derangement” “Think it Through” Questions #1 & #2

19. Dear Governer Lawrence, My name is Edouard Arsenault, I am a young Acadian man. I am writing to you to explain my reasoning for wanting to stay neutral and not swear the oath of loyalty. Sincerely, Edouard Arsenault Dear Edouard Arsenault, I am Governnor Lawrence, thank you for your letter expressing your decision to stay neutral. I would like to explain my reasons for forcing you out of the colony. Governor Lawrence

20. The Struggle for Canada
1756- “Seven Year’s War” begins in Europe between France and Britain  war also breaks in North America
France: use small number of soldiers in North America, keeping larger forces to win in Europe

21. The Struggle for Canada
Britain: use large number of soldiers in North America to defeat the French
Britain’s strategy relied on them controlling the St. Lawrence River which is the main supply route between Louisbourg and Quebec & Montreal

23. Three Pronged Attack: Britain would strike in three major areas against France
1) Capture of Louisbourg
Capturing Louisbourg would give Britain control of the entrance to the St. Lawrence River which made it impossible for the French to send reinforcements to Quebec.
June 1758, Britain launches attack on Louisbourg capturing the fortress in 60 days.

24. Three Pronged Attack: Britain would strike in three major areas against France
2) Capture of Ohio Valley
French had many fur forts in Ohio Valley  British capture would reduce the French influence in this area
Attacks against the French in the Ohio Valley drive them back to Quebec
*At this point Louisbourg is captured, giving control of the St. Lawrence, and the French have drawn their forces back into the heart of New France- Quebec.

25. Three Pronged Attack: Britain would strike in three major areas against France
3) Capture of Quebec
Capture of Quebec would mean the end of French control in North America
British under command of General James Wolfe; brings ¼ of British navy
Unsuccessful at capturing Quebec after three months of attacks

26. Winter is approaching; he must take Quebec now or retreat to Europe for the winter (ships will be stuck in St. Lawrence)
Decides on a surprise attack southwest of Quebec in a farmer’s field – Plains of Abraham
French Military leader Montcalm receives word of this surprise attack
Most of his army is in Quebec, but a portion of his army is 16 km away in a place where Britain was expected to attack, Montcalm decided he couldn’t wait for his reinforcements and sent his troops to battle – a fateful decision
New France surrendered September 8, 1760

27. THINK IT THROUGH page #1.a) Make a list of the key events that took place, with their locations and dats. b) put them in order and create a timeline.

28. TIMELINE Deportation of the Acadians Invasion of the Ohio Valley
Battle of Louisbourg
Battle on the Plains of Abraham

29. First Nations and War
The First Nations were deeply involved in the wars between the French and the English
Most First Nations supported the French, while the Haudenosaunee sided with the English
The First Nations did not stop fighting after the French surrendered, the First Nations and the English had to negotiate neutrality before the English could claim total victory

30. First Nations and War
The Treaty of Paris (1763) gave the English possession of North America. Any land claims that the First Nations had were not accepted by the British.
Any First Nations traditions that were practiced with the French were also ignored by the British (gift giving, fur trade)
First Nations were losing their lands as more British newcomers moved into the Ohio River Valley
This worried the First Nations groups, who wanted to keep their land and traditions.

31. Pontiac’s War Against the British
Pontiac is the leader of the Odawa
He gathered many First Nations
groups together to drive the
English out of Canada.
1763 attacked the fort of Detroit.
They were able to take many forts, but they also hoped the French would help them keep the British out. They were not supported by the French however and lost to the British.

32. THINK IT THROUGH PAGE 115
#1) The First Nations felt betrayed after the Seven Years War. Were they betrayed? How did the English and the French view the situation? Explain your reasoning.
#2) As Britain expanded its control in North America, the First Nations were concerned that their interests would not be respected. Why did First Nations have good reason to be concerned about their future?

33. #1) Answers will vary.
#2) The First Nations were concerned about British control of North America for a number of reasons:
- the British did not interact with the First Nati0ns as the French did
- the British did not acknowledge the trading practices of the First Nations
- most British did not attempt to learn about First Nations traditional ways
- British colonists began to occupy First Nations lands in greater numbers than the French colonists had

34. After the War Challenges following the war: First Nations: Canadiens:
Feared newcomers would take their land
Canadiens:
Had to rebuild their colony
Didn’t know if their language and religion were allowed to be practiced
British
Didn’t know how to change the government from French to British
First Nations might attack?

35. The Treaty of Paris 1763
1760 Montreal surrendered, which was the last French establishment in Canada
In 1763, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Paris, ending the conflict.
Under the treaty, France gave up any claim to Quebec and North America
France receives Guadeloupe
Together we will read and copy the chart on page 117

36. What could the British do with New France?
Eviction - Do they take the Canadiens to other lands?
Assimilation – Do they make the Canadiens give up their language and religion?
Accommodation – Do they let the Canadiens live on as they were used to?

37. The Royal Proclamation 1763
The British wanted to assimilate the Canadiens, and this was signed by King George III in October 1763
Terms of the Royal Proclamation
New France became the province of Quebec
Interior land set aside for First Nations
British Laws and governments replaced the French system
Catholics lost claim to the tithe (the church tax)
Catholics could not be part of the government

38. Quebec act of 1774
Assimilation of Quebec failed with the Royal Proclamation
Rights of the Quebec Act:
French language recognized
Catholics given right to practice, and now allowed to be part of government
Roman Catholic Church got rights back for the tithe
Part of interior became part of Quebec, and Quebec was returned to size prior to Royal Proclamation

39. CANADA: A PEOPLES HISTORY CHAPTER 4 – BATTLE FOR A CONTINENT

40. VIDEO – Battle of the Plains of Abraham
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41. VIDEO – Siege of Quebec
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42. The Battle of Quebec 1759
Info & pics about Wolfe, the Siege of Quebec, the battle on the Plains of Abraham,and the soldiers. 
quebec.htm