1. Respiratory Functions and Diseases

2. Asthma
Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airways, which causes attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.
Symptoms
Cough with or without sputum production
Pulling in of the skin between the ribs when breathing (intercostal retractions)
Shortness of breath that gets worse with exercise or activity
Wheezing

3. Asthma is caused by inflammation in the airways.
When an asthma attack occurs, the muscles surrounding the airways become tight and the lining of the air passages swell.
This reduces the amount of air that can pass by, and can lead to wheezing sounds.
Common asthma triggers include:
Animals (pet hair or dander)
Dust
Changes in weather (most often cold weather)
Chemicals in the air or in food
Exercise
Pollen
Respiratory infections, such as the common cold
Strong emotions (stress)
Tobacco smoke

4. Testing Prognosis X-ray Spirometry There is no cure for asthma
With proper self management and medical treatment, most people with asthma can lead normal lives.
Medications to prevent attacks.
Medications to stop attacks.

5. Emphysema
Emphysema occurs when the air sacs (alveoli) at the ends of your bronchioles are gradually destroyed.
Alveoli -spherical air sacs — clustered like bunches of grapes
In Emphysema, they turn into large, irregular pockets with gaping holes in their inner walls.
Reduces the number of air sacs and keeps some of the oxygen entering your lungs from reaching your bloodstream.

6. In addition, the elastic fibers that hold open the small airways leading to the air sacs are slowly destroyed, so that they collapse when you breathe out, not letting the air in your lungs escape.

7. The main emphysema symptoms are:
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Chest tightness
Reduced capacity for physical activity
Chronic coughing, which could also indicate chronic bronchitis
Fatigue
Smoking is the leading cause of emphysema.
Also some genetic component at the protein level in the lungs.

8. COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases Symptoms
a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe.
Combination of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
Symptoms
Coughing that produces large amounts of mucus
Wheezing
Chortness of breath
Chest tightness
Chronic bronchitis

9. In COPD, less air flows in and out of the airways because of one or more of the following:
The airways and air sacs lose their elastic quality.
The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed.
The walls of the airways become thick and inflamed (swollen).
The airways make more mucus than usual, which tends to clog the airways.

10. Outlook Fourth leading cause of death in the United States.
More than 12 million people are currently diagnosed with COPD.
Symptoms are worse over time.
No cure…only medications to help “breath” such as inhalers.
Cause of COPD? = Exposure to irritants (long term) such as smoking.
Some genetic component at the protein level in the lungs.

11. COPD and Lung Capacity
Will have a lower Vital Capacity and a decreased total lung capacity.
= harder to get O2 in the lungs and CO2 out, surface area has been diminished due to the disease.
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12. Respiratory Functions
Airflow and lung volume measurements can be used to differentiate obstructive from restrictive (loss of lung, etc) pulmonary disorders
characterize severity,
measure responses to therapy
Measurements are typically reported as absolute flows and volumes and as percentages

14. O2 Concentration
When your body detects too much CO2, (by H+ ions), your body breaths to decrease the amount.
Therefore, when you exercise, the body is using more energy, producing more CO2 and is demanding more oxygen.
Oxygen concentration is going to go up to meet the demands.