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Chapter 12: Family Life and Work a Balancing Act
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Working Families: The Transformation of the American Home
Women entering the workforce transformed issues dealing gender equality, the glass ceiling, and the gender wage gap Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act signed into law by President Obama
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Figure 12.1: The Gender Earning Ration, 1955-2008, Full Time Workers
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Dual Family Earners More than ½ of married couples in the U.S.
are dual earners Differences are reflected in education attainment Differences are reflected in racial/ethnicity
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Figure 12.2: Median Weekly Earning of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Sex, 2007
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Figure 12.3: Arab Americans in the Workforce
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Others Factors in Workforce Transformation
Service Men and Women Deployment Planning Financial Difficulties Single Parents in the Workforce Child poverty 13 million single female parents
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Figure 12.5: Single Mothers’ Educational Attainment
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Figure 12.6: Family budgets for Four-Person Families in Selected Areas
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Figure 12.4: Percentage of Children in Poverty, by Family Structures and Race
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Trying to Make Ends Meet
Family Budgets Shift Work Overtime Unemployment Stay- at-home dads
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Figure 12.8: The Triangular Theory of Balancing Work and Family
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Juggling Family Life and work
Time–based Conflict Strain–based Conflict Behavior–based Conflict Work–Family Spillover Childcare
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Figure 12.9: Children and Families in Poverty, by Race
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Marriage and Money Money as an Emotional Issue
Causes Stress and Strain Communication is vital
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The Economic Context Economic stability is a measure of family well-being Working families in in the U.S. Employees work 1,978 hours per year 65 million women in the workforce 3/4 have children under 18 1/4 spend a least some nights or weekends at work 3/4 of employees have no control over their work schedules
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1/2 of all women work different schedules than those with whom they live
1/2 of working families have child care expenses Over 54 million adults provide some degree of care for aging, disabled or ill family members
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Dual Earner Couples The proportion of married women in the workforce tripled in the last 50 years Decisions to work based on need for additional income Family is still highest priority 5% of dual-career families are on professional or managerial positions
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Women participate in the workforce:
to gain power and status in relationships to improve the economic situation of their family
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Division of Household Labor
Marital satisfaction depends on equality in the division of labor in the home Unequal division of labor referred to as the second shift Marital satisfaction requires an egalitarian division of household chores
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Child Care Over 71% of American children live in a home with a working mother Child Care Options 1. working different shifts 2. extended family members provide childcare 3. daycare centers or preschool
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The Impact of Work on Relationships
Evenings are time for interaction with children and household chores Outside activities require coordinating schedules
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Conflicting Demands Role conflict
Contradictory demands between roles individuals must perform Role overload When spouses take on roles that have excessive demands
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Religious Context Gallup Poll found that 60% of Americans reported that religion is very important in their lives 91% of Americans believe in the supernatural 74% of Americans believe in an afterlife 82% of Americans believe in God or a higher power makes someone a better person 76% of Americans believe that God or a higher power judges their actions
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Spirituality and Religiosity
Spirituality – the depth to which a person experiences the sacred Religiosity – an individual’s preference for religious expression
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Influence of Religion on Dating and Marriage
Sharing spirituality Religious systems teach appropriate ways to conduct lives Religious convictions impact selection of an acceptable mate Interfaith relationships may require a greater degree of tolerance Rituals around special holidays may pose dilemmas
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The Government Context: Family Policy and Family Life
Family Policy – governmental goals and/or programs that seek to support and strengthen families Policies address School readiness and literacy After-school programs Parenting and childrearing Childcare Care of the elderly Equal housing opportunities Substance abuse/use awareness programs
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Poverty Absolute poverty – not having enough money to meet the essentials of life, such as food, shelter and clothing Relative poverty – have difficulty maintaining an average standard of living
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Poverty threshold – based on family’s monetary income and their measure of need
Working poor – those who are working but remain below the poverty threshold for their family size
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Those Affected by Poverty
Rural Poor Poverty rates are higher in rural areas Three causes of poverty in rural areas The Natural Environment The Economic Structure Social Norms
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Those Affected by Poverty
The Urban Poor Ghetto poor: those inner-city residents, primarily black or Hispanic living below the poverty line
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Healthcare Attitudes toward health and wellness are formed in the family Emotional and psychological health are closely linked Declining physical health can have a negative impact on marital satisfaction
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Education Equality of quality education does not exist for everyone in the U.S. Lack of education leads to poverty No Child Left Behind – established minimum standards for achievements for students nationwide
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Social Welfare War on Poverty: Economic Opportunity Act
Created welfare programs such as: Head Start Medicare Medicaid Food Stamps Job Corps
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