1. The Standard Model of Particle Physics
Through the Worm Hole – What are we really made of ? Chap 1-3 (1:20- 33:28 )- Chap 3 (22:58-33:28) is key if time is limited
How big are we?
Hubble Images of Universe.

2. The Standard Model of Particle Physics is a theory, not a law, that is used to explain
the existence of all the particles that have been observed and the forces that hold atoms together or lead to their decay.

3. weak nuclear and gravitational
There are four fundamental forces of nature:
strong nuclear, electromagnetic,
weak nuclear and gravitational

4. quarks, leptons and force carriers
The particles are classified according to the types of interactions they have with other particles.
Physicists now believe that all particles can be grouped into three families:
quarks, leptons and force carriers

5. These particles are gluons, photons, weak bosons and gravitons.
Particles that carry or transmit forces between matter are called force carriers.
These particles are gluons,
photons,
weak bosons
and gravitons.
05:39

6. + e - e Force Force Carrier Charge Strong nuclear Gluon
Strong nuclear
Gluon
Electromagnetic
Photon
Weak nuclear
W+ boson
W- boson
Z boson
+ e
- e
Gravitational
Graviton

7. The particles called quarks
(subdivision of hadrons) and leptons are also classified according to their interactions with the four fundamental forces of nature.
What are Quarks?
| Physics | The Fuse School 03:17
Includes source of names

8. Force
Particle Classification
Example Particles
Symbol and Charge
strong nuclear
electromagnetic
weak nuclear
gravitational
Hadron
proton
neutron
11 p
10 n
Lepton
electron
neutrino
positron
0-1 e
00 v
0+1 e

9. Reference Table p 3

10. CERN:
The Standard Model Of Particle Physics
Video 5:02
Playing with Particles

11. Antimatter
Antimatter is material consisting of atoms that are composed of antiparticles.
Each particle has an antiparticle, which has the same mass, lifetime, and spin but with
charge of opposite sign and magnetic moment reversed in sign.

12. an up quark, u has a charge of + 2/3
An antiparticle is denoted by a bar over the symbol for the particle symbol.
examples:
an up quark, u has a charge of + 2/3
an anti-up quark, ū has a charge of - 2/3

13. The positron is the antiparticle of the electron.
The electron and the positron have the same mass and charge magnitude,
however, the signs of their charges are opposite.

14. When a positron and an electron collide, the two annihilate each other, resulting in energy in the form of gamma rays.

15. The amount of energy created in the annihilation can be calculated using Einstein’s equation for the energy equivalent of mass:
E = mc2

16. What is the sum of the energies of the gamma rays emitted when a positron and electron annihilate each other?
e- + e+ → γ
Mass of electron =
Mass of positron (anti-electron) =

17. What is the sum of the energies of the gamma rays emitted when a positron and electron annihilate each other?
e- + e+ → γ
Mass of electron = 9.11 x kg
Mass of positron (anti-electron) = 9.11 x kg

18. The inverse of annihilation can also occur if a gamma ray with a least 1.02 eV passes close by a nucleus, a positron and an electron pair can be produced.
γ → e- + e+
Energy can be converted directly into matter.
Pair Production read note first

19. Here is an example of a collision of particles that does not result in a complete annihilate each other.
What is this process?

20. In the beta, 0–1e, decay process a neutron is transformed into a proton, a beta and the outgoing energy as an anti-neutrino. _
10 n → 11 p e ν

21. Quarks
Baryons and mesons are composed of fundamental particles called quarks.
Quarks have charges of /3 e or - 1/3 e
Anti-Quarks have charges of /3 e or + 1/3 e

22. The quarks are named (symbol): (see reference table)
up (u) charm (c) top (t)
down (d) strange (s) bottom (b)

23. anti-up (ū) anti-charm (c) anti-top (t)
Anti-Quarks
anti-up (ū) anti-charm (c) anti-top (t)
anti-down (d) anti-strange (s) anti-bottom (b) _ _ _ _ _

24. Every baryon is a combination of three quarks.
When quarks combine to form baryons, their charges add to total 0, +1 or –1
Every meson is a combination of
a quark and an anti-quark.