1. The French Revolution & Napoleon
Chapter 23 (P )

2. France in the 1700s Considered the most advanced country of Europe
Large population
Prosperous foreign trade
Center of the Enlightenment

3. France in the 1700s Great unrest… Bad harvests… High prices…
High taxes…
Enlightenment ideas inspired questions

4. The Old Regime
Estates- social classes

6. The First Estate Clergy (Roman Catholic Church) Owned 10% of land
Exempt from taxes
Access to high offices

7. The Second Estate Rich Nobles Owned 10% of the land
2% of the population
Paid almost no taxes
Access to high office

8. The Third Estate Everyone Else 97% of population Made up of two groups
Bourgeoisie
Workers

9. Bourgeoisie Middle Class Often well-educated
Believed in Enlightenment ideas
Paid high taxes
Lacked privileges

10. Workers Poorest 80% of the population
Paid half their income in dues to nobles, tithes to the Church, & taxes to king

11. Monarchy Louis XVI Not attentive to his people’s problems
Excessive lifestyle

12. Monarchy
Marie Antoinette
Unpopular
Spent money lavishly

13. Estates-General Assembly of representatives from all three estates
Called to approve a new tax on the nobility
First meeting in 175 years

14. Estates-General Each Estate has 1 vote
The two privileged Estates outvote the Third
Third Estate wanted to meet together
To give them more power
King ordered the Estates-General to follow original rules

15. National Assembly Third Estate established to give themselves a voice
Vote to create is the first deliberate act of revolution
Beginning of representative government

16. Tennis Court Oath
Locked out of their meeting room, delegates met on the tennis court and vowed to stay until they drafted a constitution

17. Tennis Court Oath
In response, Louis stationed an army around Versailles
Generated rumors:
Troops would turn on citizens
Troops would dismiss the National Assembly

18. Storming of the Bastille
To defend against the rumored attack, citizens stormed the Bastille, a Paris prison, in search of gunpowder
Becomes a symbol of revolution

19. The Great Fear Wave of panic throughout France
After a bread riot, the royal family will flee Versailles

20. Response of National Assembly
Motivated by fear- not idealism
Reforms that will end the Old Regime
Making commoners equal to clergy & nobility

21. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Statement of revolutionary ideals
“men are born free & remain free & equal in rights”

22. New Constitution Limited constitutional monarchy
Created the Legislative Assembly

23. Problems Remain Food shortages & government debt
Legislative Assembly split into 3 groups
Radicals- want sweeping changes, no monarchy
Moderates- some changes
Conservatives- few changes, uphold monarchy

24. Reaction in Europe Monarchs feared ideas would spread
Austria & Prussia urged the French to restore Louis as absolute monarch
Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria & Prussia

25. France at War Louis, Marie Antoinette, & children imprisoned
Citizens raided prisons & murdered prisoners
Legislative Assembly set aside the Constitution, declared the king deposed, called for the election of a new legislature
National Convention

26. Execution of a King
National Convention tries Louis for treason, finds him guilty, executes him by guillotine

27. Maximilien Robespierre
Slowly gains power
Goal: build a “republic of virtue”
How: Wiping out every trace of France’s past

28. Reign of Terror
Robespierre becomes leader of Committee of Public Safety
Chief task: protect the revolution from its enemies
Tried in the morning, executed in the afternoon

29. Reign of Terror Claims the lives of as many as 40,000 people
85% peasants or urban poor
Marie Antoinette

30. End of the Terror National Convention turned on Robespierre
Arrested & executed
Power transferred to The Directory-
Five men, moderates

31. Napoleon Bonaparte
Becomes a hero defending National Convention against mob
Promoted himself as a successful commander & hero

32. Napoleon Bonaparte Coup d'état- seizure of political power
Napoleon established as one of three consuls
Assumes power of dictator

33. Napoleon Rules France Positive Reforms
New relationship with Catholic Church
Napoleonic Code- Comprehensive system of laws
Eliminated many injustices
Also limited liberty

34. Emperor Napoleon declared himself emperor Crowned himself
Voters supported him
Crowned himself
Signaled that he was more powerful than the Church

35. Desire for Empire
Unsuccessful in Americas, Napoleon turns to claim territory in Europe
Other monarchs joined forces against him

36. Empire
Through military success & peace treaties, Napoleon builds the largest European empire since the Romans
Britain is France’s only major enemy

37. Battle of Trafalgar Only major battle Napoleon lost
But most significant
Destruction of French fleet
Forces Napoleon to abandon plans to invade Britain
Establishes British as dominant naval power

38. Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
3 MISTAKES:
Continental System
Peninsular War
Invasion of Russia

39. Continental System
Blockade to prevent all trade & communication between Great Britain & Continental Europe
2 Goals:
Make continental Europe more self-sufficient
Destroy Great Britain’s commercial & industrial economy

40. Continental System British smugglers were successful
Allies disregarded the blockade
Even some of Napoleon’s family
Britain responded with its own blockade
Which it did better

41. Peninsular War Between French & Spanish guerilla forces
Why: French deposed Spanish king
Outcomes:
Weakened France
Increased nationalistic feelings

42. Invasion of Russia Breakdown in alliance led to war
420,000 French soldiers began
10,000 made it home
Why?
Retreat during winter
After practicing scorched-earth policy

43. Napoleon’s Downfall All nations of Europe declare war on France
After defeats, Generals refused to fight
Napoleon surrendered & is exiled

44. The 100 Days Napoleon escapes Is welcomed in France Restored to power
Dislike new monarch
Restored to power

45. Battle of Waterloo
Defeat ended Napoleon’s last bid for power (100 Days)
Exiled to a more remote island
Dies 6 years later

46. Congress of Vienna
Series of meetings called to set up policies to establish long-lasting peace & stability on the European continent

47. Congress of Vienna
Decisions were made in secret by Europe’s 5 great powers:
Russia
Prussia
Austria
Great Britain
France

48. Congress of Vienna Outcome: Containment of France
Making weak countries around France stronger

49. Congress of Vienna Outcome: Balance of Power
France remained a major, but diminished power
No one European country could easily overpower another

50. Congress of Vienna Outcome: Legitimacy
Restore leaders deposed by Napoleon to their thrones
To stabilize political relations

51. Long-Term Legacy Power of Britain & Prussia increased
Nationalism began to spread
Spanish colonies took advantage of events in Europe to declare independence
Ideas about basis of power changed permanently
Democracy seen as the best