1. Preview Section 1 Science and Scientists Section 2 Scientific Methods
Science in Our World
Preview
Section 1 Science and Scientists
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Section 3 Scientific Models
Section 4 Science and Engineering
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
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Concept Mapping

2. Bellringer Imagine that you are an Earth scientist and can
Section 1 Science and Scientists
Bellringer
Imagine that you are an Earth scientist and can
travel wherever you want to on Earth. Describe
Earth’s aspects or features that you would like to
study. Explain where you would go and what you
would do.
Write and illustrate your answers in your
science journal.
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3. Objectives Describe three methods of investigation.
Section 1 Science and Scientists
Objectives
Describe three methods of investigation.
Identify benefits of science in the world around you.
Describe five jobs that use science.
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4. Section 1 Science and Scientists
Start with a Question
What Is Science? Science is the knowledge gained by observing the natural world. Asking questions can help you gather knowledge.
In Your Own Neighborhood What questions can you ask about your surroundings?
The World and Beyond What questions can you ask about deserts, forests, or beaches? What type of plants and animals live in each of these places?
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5. Investigation: The Search for Answers
Section 1 Science and Scientists
Investigation: The Search for Answers
Research Look up information in textbooks, encyclopedias, and magazines. Search the Internet.
Observation Take a look around to find answers to your question. Watch your subject.
Experimentation Try an experiment to learn the answers to your question. Test your hypothesis.
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6. Section 1 Science and Scientists
Why Ask Questions?
Answering Society’s Needs Scientific research has led to many life-saving discoveries, such as medicines, weather predicting, and disease prevention.
Using Resources Wisely Scientists have learned to plan ahead so that resources are not used up.
Healthy Surroundings One way that scientists have helped reduce pollution is by finding ways that cars can produce less exhaust.
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7. Scientists All Around You
Section 1 Science and Scientists
Scientists All Around You
Environmental Scientist A person who studies how humans interact with their environment.
Cartographer A person who makes maps of the surface of the Earth.
Engineer A person who puts scientific knowledge to practical use.
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8. Scientists All Around You
Section 1 Science and Scientists
Scientists All Around You
Zoologist A person who studies the lives and needs of animals.
Science Educator A person who teaches others about science.
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9. Bellringer How can paleontologists know what a dinosaur
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Bellringer
How can paleontologists know what a dinosaur
looked like, how it behaved, and what it ate based
only on its fossilized skeleton?
Write your answers in your science journal.
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10. Objectives Explain why scientists use scientific methods.
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Objectives
Explain why scientists use scientific methods.
Determine the appropriate design for a controlled experiment.
Use information in tables and graphs to analyze experimental results.
Explain how scientific knowledge can change.
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11. What Are Scientific Methods?
Section 2 Scientific Methods
What Are Scientific Methods?
Scientific methods are the ways in which scientists answer questions and solve problems.
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12. Scientific Methods Section 2 Scientific Methods
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
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13. Section 2 Scientific Methods
Ask a Question
Asking a question helps focus the purpose of the investigation. Scientists often ask a question after making an observation.
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14. Section 2 Scientific Methods
Make Observations
Accurate Observations Any information that you gather through your senses is an observation.
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15. Section 2 Scientific Methods
Form a Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a possible explanation or answer to a question that is based on observation and can be tested.
A statement of cause and effect that can be used to set up a test for a hypothesis is called a prediction.
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16. Section 2 Scientific Methods
Test the Hypothesis
Under Control A controlled experiment tests only one factor at a time and consists of a control group and one or more experimental groups.
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17. Test the Hypothesis, continued
Section 2 Scientific Methods
Test the Hypothesis, continued
Designing an Experiment Designing a good experiment requires planning and a consideration of all factors.
Collecting Data Scientists keep clear, accurate, honest records of their data so that other scientists can repeat the experiment and verify the results.

18. Section 2 Scientific Methods
Analyze the Results
After they finish their tests, scientists must analyze the results.
Analyzing the results helps scientists construct reasonable explanations based on the evidence that has been collected.
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19. Section 2 Scientific Methods
Draw Conclusions
Scientists must conclude if the results of their tests support the hypothesis. Proving that a hypothesis is not true can be as valuable as proving that it is true.
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20. Section 2 Scientific Methods
Communicate Results
After finishing an investigation, scientists communicate their results.
Sharing allows other scientists to repeat experiments to see if they get the same results.
Sometimes, new data lead scientists to change their hypotheses.
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21. Section 2 Scientific Methods

22. Bellringer Answer the following questions:
Section 3 Scientific Models
Bellringer
Answer the following questions:
• How is an airplane flight simulator a kind
of model?
• What are some advantages to training pilots in a
flight simulator rather than in a real airplane?
Write your answers in your science journal.
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23. Objectives Give examples of three types of models.
Section 3 Scientific Models
Objectives
Give examples of three types of models.
Identify the benefits and limitations of models.
Compare the ways that scientists use hypotheses, theories, and laws.
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24. Types of Scientific Models
Section 3 Scientific Models
Types of Scientific Models
Physical Models Physical models, such as miniature volcanoes and steam engines, look like the thing that they model.
Mathematical Models A mathematical model may be made up of numbers, equations, and other forms of data. Charts and graphs are examples of mathematical models.
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25. Types of Scientific Models, continued
Section 3 Scientific Models
Types of Scientific Models, continued
Conceptual Models Conceptual models are systems of ideas or comparisons of unfamiliar things with familiar things to help explain unfamiliar ideas.
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26. Mathematical Model: A Punnett Square
Section 3 Scientific Models
Mathematical Model: A Punnett Square
The Punnett square helps scientists study the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
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27. Building Scientific Knowledge
Section 3 Scientific Models
Building Scientific Knowledge
Scientific Theories An explanation that ties together many related observations, facts, and tested hypotheses is called a theory.
Scientific Laws A scientific law is a statement of what will happen in a specific situation. A law tells you how things work.
Scientific Change If new evidence challenges an accepted idea, scientists must reexamine the old evidence and reevaluate the old idea.
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28. Section 4 Science and Engineering
Bellringer
Choose a partner to work with. Design a procedure for making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. Identify the tools you will use. Describe the procedures you will need to make your work most efficient.
Write your answers in your science journal.
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29. Section 4 Science and Engineering
Objectives
Explain how science, technology, engineering, and mathematics are closely related.
Identify ways that technology responds to social, political, and economic needs.
Explain the engineering design process for developing new technologies.
Describe how technology has intended benefits and unintended consequences.
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30. Section 4 Science and Engineering
What Is Technology
Technology refers to the products and processes that are designed to serve our needs.
Technology also refers to the tools and methods for creating these products.
Technology applies to any product, process, or knowledge that is developed to meet a need.
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31. How Does Science Relate to Technology?
Section 4 Science and Engineering
How Does Science Relate to Technology?
Engineering uses scientific knowledge to develop technologies.
Engineers use science and mathematics to create new technologies that serve human needs.
There are many different types of engineers who develop a variety of very different products.
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32. How Does Science Relate to Technology? continued
Section 4 Science and Engineering
How Does Science Relate to Technology? continued
Engineering is the process of creating technology.
Scientists, inventors, business owners, artists, and even students have also engineered new technologies.
Anyone can follow the engineering design process to solve a problem or address a need.
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33. What is the Engineering Design Process?
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What is the Engineering Design Process?
The engineering design process has similarities to the scientific process.
Like the scientific process, some steps may require repeating or modifying to fit different needs.
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34. What is the Engineering Design Process? continued
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What is the Engineering Design Process? continued
Step 1 Ask: Identifying and Researching a Need
Engineers define and write the need or problem they are trying to solve.
For example, the problem may be to make clothing that repels water so that explorers can work, even in Antarctica.
Research provide engineers with information for problem solving.
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35. What is the Engineering Design Process? continued
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What is the Engineering Design Process? continued
Step 2 Imagine: Developing Possible Solutions
Brainstorming is the process in which a group of people share ideas quickly to promote additional ideas.
Sometimes a possible solution to the problem comes from these ideas or it may take more time and thought.
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36. What is the Engineering Design Process? continued
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What is the Engineering Design Process? continued
Step 3 Plan: Making a prototype
A prototype is a test model of the product.
Prototypes allow engineers to see if their design works the way they expect it to.
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37. What is the Engineering Design Process? continued
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What is the Engineering Design Process? continued
Step 4 Create: Testing and Evaluating
Prototypes are tested and evaluated.
Engineers complete a cost-benefit analysis to make sure that the cost of designing and producing the new product is worth its benefit.
For example, it may only makes sense to produce a new product if it is not too expensive to produce.
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38. What is the Engineering Design Process? continued
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What is the Engineering Design Process? continued
Step 5 Improve: Modifying and Retesting the Solution
If a prototype was not successful or did not work well, engineers would either modify their prototype or try a new solution.
It is important that the engineers consider what was learned from the first prototype before they begin the design process again.
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39. Section 4 Science and Engineering
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40. What is the Engineering Design Process? continued
Section 4 Science and Engineering
What is the Engineering Design Process? continued
Communication Engineers often need to share their successes, failures, and reasoning with others.
Engineers may explain and promote the technology to customers, or they may communicate with the public through news releases, advertisements, or journals.
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41. Technology and Society
Section 4 Science and Engineering
Technology and Society
Technology provides solutions for many types of social, political, and economic needs.
Intended Benefit An intended benefit is the positive purpose for which a technology is designed to be used.
Unintended Consequences Unintended consequences are uses or results that engineers do not purposely include in the design of products. An unintended consequence can be beneficial.
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42. Section 4 Science and Engineering
Bioengineering
Bioengineering is the application of engineering to living things, such as humans and plants.
Assistive Bioengineering Bioengineered technologies can be classified as either assistive or adaptive.
Assistive technologies are developed to help organisms with changing them. Adaptive bioengineered products change the living organism.
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43. Bellringer What could you study by using a telescope?
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Bellringer
What could you study by using a telescope?
What could you study by using a microscope?
Write your answers in your science journal.
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44. Objectives Describe three kinds of tools.
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Objectives
Describe three kinds of tools.
Explain the importance of the International System of Units.
Describe how to measure length, area, mass, volume, and temperature.
Identify lab safety symbols, and demonstrate safe practices during lab investigations.
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45. Tools for Science Tools for Seeing microscopes Tools for Measuring
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Tools for Science
Tools for Seeing
microscopes
Tools for Measuring
stopwatches, metersticks, balances, thermometers, spring scales, and graduated cylinders
Tools for Analyzing
calculators, computers, and a pencil and paper
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46. Tools for Measuring Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
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47. Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Units of Measurement
The International System of Units Begun by the French Academy of Sciences in the late 1700s, the SI is used by almost all countries in the world.
All SI units are based on the number 10, which makes conversion from one unit to another easy.
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48. Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety

49. Measurement area  length  width
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement
Length The basic unit of length in the SI is the meter.
Area The measure of how much surface an object has. Use the following equation:
area  length  width
Mass A measure of the amount of matter in an object.
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50. Measurement, continued
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement, continued
Volume The measure of the size of a body or region in three-dimensional space.
Temperature The measure of how hot (or cold) something is.
Density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance. Use the following equation:
density =
mass
volume

51. Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety

52. Safety Rules! Follow your teacher’s instructions.
Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Safety Rules!
Follow your teacher’s instructions.
Read lab procedures carefully.
Pay special attention to safety information.
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53. Science in Our World
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
engineers observations
engineering design process questions
Experiments scientific method
observations scientists
unintended consequences technology

54. Science in Our World

55. Science in Our World