2. Quiz Time!
Please put everything away and get ready for your chapter 4 quiz

3. Chapter 5
The Molecules of Life

4. 5.1 Organic vs. Inorganic Organic molecules–
contain both Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)
Example: glucose - C6H12O6
Make up living things

5. 5.1 Organic vs. Inorganic Inorganic Molecules–
do not contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)
Examples: water – H2O
carbon dioxide – CO2
Important in life processes

6. 5.1 Symbolic Representation
Carbon always forms 4 covalent bonds! (4 lines)
Each line = 2 electrons being shared
HONC

7. Carbon to Carbon Bonding
Single bonds
Molecular formula:
C2H6
Structural formula

8. Carbon to Carbon Bonding
Double bonds
Molecular formula?
C2H4

9. Carbon to Carbon Bonding
Triple bonds

10. Carbon to Carbon Bonding?

11. 5.1 Carbon bonds

12. 5.1 Carbon Bonding
Chains

13. 5.1 Carbon bonding structures
Rings

14. 5.1 Word meanings…
Mono – one
Di – two
Poly – many
mer – unit (parts)

15. Monomer - Dimer - Polymer - one unit structure two unit structure
many unit structure

16. Why should we care about carbon?!?
Movies on “It’s All About Carbon”
Go to Videos
Video:

17. 5.2 Carbohydrates… Sugars – monomers and dimers Starches – polymers
Usually end in –ose
Usually “sweets”
Starches – polymers
“complex”

18. 5.2 Biological importance
Carbohydrates are the main fuel supply for cellular work
Provide & store ENERGY

19. 5.2 Composed of the following Elements…
C, H, O
They are in rings

20. 5.2 Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
(simple sugars ) = Monomers
Building blocks of all carbohydrates
C6H12O6

21. *Glucose (a monosaccharide)

22. Fructose (a monosaccharide)

23. Galactose (a monosaccharide)

24. Disaccharides… Two monosaccharides (dimer) Examples
Maltose (glucose + glucose)
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
table sugar
Lactose (glucose + galactose)

25. Two monosaccharides make a disaccharide…..

26. Polysaccharides… Starch – sugar (energy) storage in PLANT cells
Foods rich in starch: potatoes, rice, corn

27. Polysaccharides… Glycogen – sugar (energy) storage in ANIMAL cells
Humans store Gylcogen in Liver

28. Polysaccharides…
Cellulose – makes up cell walls of PLANT cells - protects and stiffens the plant (structure)
Common name: fiber
Most animals, including people, cannot digest

29. Polysaccharides…
Chitin – found in ANIMAL exoskeletons & cell wall of fungi (structure)
Crab, lobster, shrimp, insects

31. How do monosaccarides join to form disaccarides and polysaccarides?

32. Dehydration Synthesis!
Removal of water
To Build or make more complex
Process

33. Glucose
Glucose
Maltose

34. How do disaccarides and polysaccarides break apart to form monosaccarides?

35. Hydrolysis! Adding water To Cut or break down Process
Digestion is hydrolysis

36. Maltose
Glucose
Glucose

37. Fill in “Carbohydrates” Column on pg 15 of Notes…

38. Organic Molecules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids

39. Biological Importance of Fats
Energy STORAGE
Cushion organs
Insulation
Cell Membrane structure

40. Biological Importance of Steriods
Chemical Messengers:
Sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
Cholesterol – found in membranes that surround your cells

41. Lipids are Composed of which Elements?
C, H, O

42. Building blocks of Lipids:
1st: Glycerol
Lipid Backbone
Complete the molecule…
Where fatty acids will attach

44. Building blocks of Lipids:
2nd: Fatty Acids

45. Saturated (All C-C single bonds)
Carboxyl Group
Long Chain of C & H
Saturated (All C-C single bonds)
solid at room temp

46. Unsaturated (not all C-C single)
Carboxyl Group
Long Chain of C & H
Unsaturated (not all C-C single)
liquid at room temp

47. Building blocks of Lipids:
Fatty Acids Review:
Long chains of C and H
Contain a carboxyl group
Can be saturated or unsaturated

48. Fatty Acids
n = a number usually in the teens

49. Lipid Synthesis Lipid Building process 1 glycerol
3 fatty acids (usually)

50. Dehydration Synthesis!
Glycerol
3 Fatty Acids
Lipid
3 waters

52. Organic Molecules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Protein

53. 5.4 Proteins Structural – make up cells & tissues (muscles)
Pigments – give cells color
Eyes, plants, blood, hair
Hormones – chemical messengers
adrenaline, insulin

54. 5.4 Proteins Contraction – in muscles and cilia/flagella
Antibodies – fight disease
Enzymes – control chemical reactions
Cell surfaces – cell to cell communication

55. Protiens are Composed of which Elements?
C, H, O
and N
protein

56. C. Amino Acids
Building Blocks of Protein (aa are monomers)
There are about 20 amino acids

57. Before the Bell Rings… Cut out the 8 rectangles on your handout and put them in the envelope!

58. Fill in “Lipids” Column on pg 15 of Notes…

59. C. Amino Acids
Side group
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Central C

60. Turn to page 8 to look at
examples of amino acid
structures…

61. General Structure of AA

62. Glycine

63. Alanine

64. Serine

65. Phenylalanine

66. Valine

67. Turn to
page 7…

68. C. Amino Acids
Two amino acids bonded together make up a….
dipeptide

69. polypeptide C. Amino Acids
Many amino acids bonded together make up a….
polypeptide

70. C. Amino Acids
1 or more polypeptide chains twisted together make up a…
Protein

71. What is this process called?
Peptide Bond
Amino Acid
Amino Acid
Dipeptide
Water
What is this process called?
Dehydration Synthesis!

72. What is this process called?
Peptide Bond
Dipeptide
Water
Amino Acid
Amino Acid
What is this process called?
Hydrolysis!

73. Fill in “Lipids & Proteins” Columns on pg 15 of Notes…

74. Complete Worksheets on pgs 9-11 of Notes…

75. Before the Bell Rings… Cut out the 8 rectangles on your handout and put them in the envelope!

77. Turn to page 12 in Notepacket…

78. Enzymes
Proteins that speed up specific reactions in cells

79. Minimum amount of energy required to trigger a chemical reaction
Activation Energy
Minimum amount of energy required to trigger a chemical reaction

80. Catalysts Compounds that speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes are examples of catalysts

81. A B
Substrate molecules
Active
Site
Enzyme molecule

82. A B
Active
Site
Enzyme molecule

83. B A
Active
Site
Enzyme molecule

84. A B
Enzyme
Substrate
Complex
Active
Site
Enzyme molecule

85. Product
molecule C
Active
Site
Enzyme molecule

86. The enzyme is
not changed
by the reaction.

87. Turn to page 13 in Notepacket…

88. Enzymes are specific: The Lock and Key Hypothesis
Just like a key fits into one lock, Enzymes work on only one substrate

89. Naming Enzymes
Enzymes are named by taking the name of the product or substrate and adding “ase”.

90. Examples
Maltase
Lipase
Protease
Maltose
Lipids
Protein

91. Enzyme - Substrate Complex
Name all of the parts
of this reaction.
Enzyme
Enzyme
Substrate
Product

92. Enzyme
Substrate
Active Site
Active Site

93. Enzyme –
Substrate
Complex
Enzyme + Substrate

94. Enzyme - Substrate Complex
The reaction begins

95. Enzyme –Substrate
Complex
Product
Enzyme

96. The substrate is broken
Hydrolysis Reaction
What kind of reaction is this?
The substrate is broken
into small molecules.

97. Small substrate molecules
Synthesis Reaction
What kind of reaction is this?
Small substrate molecules
build a large product.

99. Turn to page 14 in Notepacket…
Analyze the graphs and fill in the information…

100. Enzyme reactions are affected by:
The pH of the reaction.

101. Optimum pH: the pH that the enzyme works the BEST at

103. The temperature of the reaction
Enzyme reactions are affected by:
The temperature of the reaction

104. 37°C (98.6 °F)

105. An unfavorable change that causes a protein to unravel and lose shape
Denaturation
An unfavorable change that causes a protein to unravel and lose shape
Ex: Heating

106. Enzyme Denaturation Animation

107. What are the 4 factors that affect enzyme rates?
Good Afternoon!
What are the 4 factors that affect enzyme rates?
Discuss with the people at your table …

108. The concentration of the enzyme
Enzyme reactions are affected by:
The concentration of the enzyme

110. As the enzyme concentration increases, the rate of the enzyme action increases & then levels off.

111. The concentration of the substrate.
Enzyme reactions are affected by:
The concentration of the substrate.

113. As the substrate concentration increases, the rate of the enzyme action increases & then levels off.

114. The End!

115. Chemistry of Life Movie Link
Start at 8:47 End at 15:22