1. “What You Really Need to Know” Gail Lupica PhD, RN, CNE Nurs 211
The Immune System
“What You Really Need to Know”
Gail Lupica PhD, RN, CNE
Nurs 211

2. Immune System Overview
Non-specific Defenses (first, second)
Mechanical
Chemical
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Specific Defenses (third line of defense)
The Immune response

4. Immune System Overview
What happens? (T & B cell immunity)
Antigens (complex proteins) (self or foreign) allow cells to distinguish between self and non-self.
These cell markers destroy foreign antigens because they are recognized as invaders.

5. Immune System Overview
Then next time, memory cells of the immune system recognize the same invader and a response is developed (B cell antibody).
T-memory cells remember that invader, and sets off the specific ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY response

7. Immune System Overview
Components of the Immune System
Immune cells (B and T cells)
Thymus (source of mat of T cells)
Lymph nodes/Lymphatic tissue
Adenoids, tonsils, spleen
Bone marrow (source of mat of B cells)

9. Immune System Overview
Let’s look at the Primary and Secondary Immune responses…

11. Immune System Antigens: Substances that elicit the immune response.
All body cells have self antigens on their surface that are unique to that person .
The immune system tolerates self antigens just fine, and does not recognize them as foreign.
They are non-responsive to self.

12. Immune System Antigens: Self antigens are called cell markers
That are coded by genes:
Detected on cell membranes of leukocytes
(Provide a close match in tissues that are to be transplanted.)
EX: Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

14. Immune System
Let’s look at the cells of the Immune system…

16. Immune System There are two types of lymphocytes:
T- Lymphoctyes (cell mediated- 70%)
B- lymphocytes (humoral immunity)

18. Immune System Antibodies/ Immunoglobulins
Produces by plasma cells in response to a challenge by an antigen
Antibodies (immunoglobulins known to have specificity for a particular antigen)

19. Immune System Antibodies/ Immunoglobulins
Are proteins with a unique sequence of amino acids on a common base
Binds to a specific matching antigen and KILLS IT!
They are the basis for how immunity to a disease develops.
Found in general circulation.
There are five classes, each with a special structure, and function:

20. Immune System
Natural vs.
Acquired Immunity (table)

21. Immune System Active Passive Natural
Natural contact with antigen through clinical infection-- --You get the chicken pox, mumps, measles
Passed through placenta to unborn infant or fed to infant through colostrum/ breast milk— (lots of IgA)
Artificial
Immuniza tion with an antigen--- Immunization with live or killed vaccines (tetanus)
Injections or infusions of human immune globulin

22. Immune System What are Cytokines?
Chemicals that act as messengers to cells.
They can cause proliferation, differentiation, secretion or activity. There are over 100 types.

23. Immune System Cytokines Interleukins Colony stimulating Factor (CSF)
Types:
Interleukins
Colony stimulating Factor (CSF)
Erythropoetin (hormone)
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

24. Immune System
Hypersensitivity disorders: The immune system overreacts against foreign antigens
Types:
Type 1, 11, 111= humoral (immediate)
Type 1V = cellular (delayed)

25. Hypersensitivity disorders
Type 1
IgE mediated response
Mast cells and Basocells release chemical mediators when an antigen (allergen) is bound to an Ig E antibody on a second exposure to this allergen.
Example:???

28. Hypersensitivity disorders
Type 11
Antibody Mediated Cytotoxic Disorders
What does cytotoxic mean?
Result of IgG and IgM class antibodies interacting with tissue/cell surface antigens
Subsequent activation or cell-mediated cytotoxicity (the cell is doomed) occurs.
Example???

30. Hypersensitivity disorders
Type 111
Immune Complex Disorders
mediated by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes (immune complexes), which cause a release of Vasoactive mediators causing tissue damage (by altering blood flow, and increasing vascular permeability.)
Immune complexes produce damage both in the vascular lining itself and the organs where they may deposit (kidney, lung, joints) causing an inflammatory response.
Example:???

31. Hypersensitivity disorders
Type 1V
Cell mediated “delayed” ( hours) Hypersensitivity
It is mediated by T-cells that are Cytotoxic and release inflammatory chemicals in the surrounding tissue. These substances attract T or B lymphocytes. The coagulation cascade is activated causing formation and deposition of fibrin.
Example???

32. How much did you learn?
Describe the development of antibodies to a specific antigen

33. How much did you learn?
Predict why a person only has chicken pox once in a lifetime

34. How much did you learn?
Why is a secondary response to an antigen faster and greater than the primary response

35. How much did you learn?
Where is IgG found in the body?

36. How much did you learn?
Explain why a newborn infant is protected from infection by the measles virus immediately after birth but later will be given measles vaccine.

37. Great Job!!