1. Ecosystems

2. There are three types of living organisms; producers , consumers, and decomposers.
Draw on even page

3. BrainPop: Ecosystems and BrainPop: Energy Pyramid
How are ecosystems categorized?
Rainfall , soil, and sunlight
Define populations.
The total number of the same species in an ecosystem
Define habitat.
The place and conditions where an animal lives
What does an energy pyramid represent?
How energy moves through an ecosystem.
How are food webs and food chains different?
Food webs are a complex representation of the interactions of many organisms in an ecosystem, whereas food chains are simple and only show the interaction of a couple organisms.
How do producers get their food?
They make their food through photosynthesis.

4. 7. Why does the amount of energy decrease as it travels up the food chain?
Energy decreases as it moves up trophic levels because more energy  is used when an organisms from one trophic level consumes an organism from another level instead of stored.
Less and less energy is store in each trophic level because those organisms need the energy to perform daily functions
8. Why are there less top predators in an ecosystem than producers and herbivores?
There is not enough energy at the top to support a lot of top level predators.

7. 11. Which organism(s) can be described as producers? Trees and grasses
12. Which organism(s) can be described as heterotrophs?
Deer, rabbit, cricket, front, snake, mouse, hawk, and mountain lion
13. Which organism(s) can be described an omnivore?
Mouse
14. Which organism(s) can be described as a carnivore?
Frog, snake, hawk, mountain lion

8. 15. How is a food web different from a food chain?
Food webs are a complex representation of the interactions of many organisms in an ecosystem, whereas food chains are simple and only show the interaction of a couple organisms.
16. What is the initial source energy for all ecosystems?
Sun
17. How does energy move through an ecosystem?
As food
18. What are 5 types of abiotic factors? (page 456)
sun , soil, water, oxygen , fire
19. How are producers related to omnivores?
Omnivores eat producers
20. How are secondary consumers related to tertiary and primary consumers?
Secondary consumers eat primary consumers but are eaten by tertiary consumers
21. What tropic level eats only autotrophs?
Primary consumers because autotrophs are plants and primary consumers are herbivoures.
22. In the past, Native American Indians buried dead fish along with corn seeds. This technique was used because the decomposing dead fish would give nutrients for the corn seeds to grow.
23. As the population of small fish in a lake decreases, the population of large fish that depend on the small fish for food will decreae.

9. What two organisms show a primary consumer eating a producer?
The cricket eating the plant.
If the numbers of frogs increase what happens to the snake and cricket populations?
As the frogs increase the snake population will start to increase too because it will have more to eat but the cricket population will decrease because there will be more frogs to eat them.
If most of the plants dies during a summer drought what effect does this have on the food chain?
The population of all the animals will decrease because producers are the base of an ecosystem.

12. Important Concepts of Population Dynamics– define the concepts below and if applicable give an example
Autotrophs – make their food Ex: plants
Heterotrophs – eat other organisms Ex: animals
Mutualism – both animals benefit Ex: ants and aphides – ants protect the tree and the tree gives ants food
Parasitism – one animal benefits and the other is harmed Ex: some mites live and feed on insects
Predator and prey – one organisms feeds on another organism
The food chain – flow of energy between organisms in an ecosystem
What is intraspecific competition? – organism of the same species compete for the same resources
Carrying Capacity – maximum number of organisms a habitat can support
What is interspecific competition? – organisms of different species compete for the same resources
What are population cycles. – populations of organisms rise and fall in patterns of booms and bust

13. Invasive Species : The Basics
Write the answers to the questions on an odd page in your notebook.
What are the two requirements for a species to be invasive?
Invasive species have to be not native and cause harm.
Native = Living or growing naturally in a particular place or region; indigenous.
How do invasive species effect the economy?
How do invasive species effect the ecosystems?
How do invasive species effect human health?

14. Lesson Launcher 1/30
If the pattern for feeding is that animals eat the level below theirs then what level does a quarrterrary consumer feed on?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
The oysters do not harm the trees nor do they provide any benefit to the trees. Which of the following relationships is most similar to the relationship between the mangrove trees and the oysters?
African ants living in acacia trees feed on leaf-eating insects found on the tree. 
Spider crabs are camouflaged by the green-brown algae growing on their shells. 
A whale is unaffected by the attached remora fish feeding on the whale’s leftover food. 
Bees fly from one flowering plant to another gathering nectar and pollinating the flowers.
The study of how living things interact is called?
Ecosystems
Abiotic factors
Ecology

15. One possible pathway for energy Many possible pathways for energy
5. A scientist who studies the interactions of plants and animals is called:
A botanist
Geologist
Hydrologist
6. A food chain shows:
One possible pathway for energy
Many possible pathways for energy
The amount of energy available to a producer
7. When a rabbit population in a meadow cannot grow any larger, it has reached the:
Climax community
Carrying capacity
Limiting factor

16. Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism
Faces
Happy Face
Sad Face
Indifferent / Neutral Face
Both species benefit
One species is harmed and the other is helped
One species benefits while the other is not harmed or helped
The clown fish lives in the sea anemone and attracts fish to the sea anemone to eat
A tick attaches and drinks the blood of animals
A whale is unaffected by the attached remora fish feeding on the whale’s leftover food. 

17. Both consumers and producers are sources of energy for
Why is the definition of ecosystem below incorrect?
A natural unit consisting of plants, animals, and organisms in an area functioning separately from the non-living physical factors of the environment.
An ecosystem includes both the living and non-living parts of the environment, such as the animals, water, sun, temperature, plants.
How are decomposers interconnected with consumers and producers?
Decomposers feed on dead consumers and producers.
Test Question 9:
Both consumers and producers are sources of energy for
Herbivores
Carnivores
Decomposers

18. Biotic factors in an ecosystem may include trees, shrubs, grass, rabbit, lion, whale.
How are primary consumers different than secondary consumers?
Primary consumers only feed on plants , so they are herbivores. Secondary consumers can be omnivores and carnivores.

20. What level consumer is an insect-eating frog? Secondary Consumer
What level consumer is an insect that eats only plants? Primary Consumer
What level consumer is an insect-eating frog? Secondary Consumer
What level is a snake that eats an insect-eating frog? Tertiary Consumer
Test Question 17.
A snake that eats an insect-eating frog is a ______________.
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer

21. 8. Underline why the relationship between the lichen and algae is mutualistic, in the example below A lichen is a combination of fungus and algae that lives on the sides of trees, rocks, and other materials. The fungus provides the algae with water and minerals and the algae uses the water and minerals to make food for both organisms How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interconnected? Page 509
Photosynthesis takes in sunlight and carbon dioxide produced by cellular reparation to make glucose and oxygen. Then cellular respiration in plants takes the glucose and oxygen produced during photosynthesis and creates ATP energy for the cell to live and function. The inputs for photosynthesis are the outputs of cellular respiration and vice versa.
10. Why is the description of mitosis and meiosis below incorrect?
Mitosis is the division of a cell into two identical cells and meiosis is the division of a cell into 4 cells with half genetic information that is all identical.
Mitosis creates two identical cells during cell division and Meiosis creates 4 genetically different cells during cell division.
 11. Explain why parasites do not usually kill their host.
The parasites rely on their host for survive, so by killing their host it would kill their food source.

22. 14.What organism has the most energy is this food web? Grass
15. Which term describes the eating habits of both the mouse and lizard? Omnivores
16. What level consumer is the cricket? Primary
17. What level consumer is the owl? Tertiary

23. 18. Why are decomposers beneficial to the environment
18. Why are decomposers beneficial to the environment? Decomposers break down dead plants and animals and release nutrients back into the soil.
19. What are resources plants compete for with one another? Sunlight , soil, water, nutrients
20.How do animals’ adaptations help them in their niche? An animals adaptation makes them more suitable to their environment and more likely to survive in their environment.
21.Describe the difference between predator adaptations and prey adaptations. Predator adaptations give them abilities to catch prey more easily , such as long claws and good eye site. Prey adaptations give prey the ability to evade predators, such as camouflage coloring and armored plates.

24. 22.What is carry capacity? The maximum amount of a population an area can hold.
23.How is quality of water in an ecosystem, considered a limiting factor? Every organism needs water to survive. If water is poor than the animals with either drink it and become sick or not drink the water and become dehydrated. Therefore, the animals will have to leave that area because of the poor water.
24.Describe how nesting sites are a limiting factor to a population. Birds and other nesting organisms have to have space to build their nest and if there is not enough space they will not lay egg and it causes a reduction in the population.
25. What is the difference between invasive species and non-native species? Invasive species are non-native and harmful to the environment, while non- native species are just not from that specific area.

25. In class we read articles about keystone species and their effects on the environment.

26. Founders Effect- Reduction (decrease) of genetic variation (difference) in the new population due to individuals moving to a new area.
Bottleneck Effect - Reduction (decrease) of genetic variation (difference) in the surviving population to factors in the ecosystem , such as weather, hunting, natural disasters.

28. Bottleneck Effect
Reduction (decrease) of genetic variation (difference) in the surviving population due to factors in the ecosystem.
Earthquakes, floods, drought, a bad winter, fire, and disease can all abruptly reduce the numbers in a population and cause the bottleneck effect. Humans can also cause bottleneck effects with hunting, deforestation, developing infrastructure, and other abrupt environmental changes.