1. Human Reproduction

2. The Male Reproductive System
The male reproductive system has 2 main functions:
1. Produces the male gametes[sperm]
2. secretes the sex hormone testosterone

3. The formation of sperm cells is called spermatogenesis
Sperm cells are highly specialized cells that are able to move

4. the formation of sperm requires a temperature that is 2 to 4 degrees cooler than the body

5. Parts of the sperm cell
The head of the sperm is the haploid nucleus that has all the important genetic information

6. The mid-piece has mitochondria that produce ATP which gives the sperm the energy it needs to reach the egg
The tail propels[moves] the sperm along

10. Parts of the male reproductive tract
1.Testes:
-located in the scrotum
-it’s where the production of sperm occurs

11. -inside the testes are many tiny tubes called seminiferous tubules
- normal diploid cells move through these tubes while they undergo meiotic cell division

12. 2. scrotum: the sac that holds the testes
An adaptation of the male reproductive system that provides a lower temperature for the development of sperm cells is the scrotum

13. 3. Epididymis:
this is where the sperms “live” and complete their development into mature sperm cells

14. 4. vas deferens
-this is the beginning of the pathway for the sperm to exit out
- as the sperm moves through the vas deferens, it stops at 3 accessory sex glands to add fluids:

15. The 3 accessory sex glands
1. Seminal vesicle
A pouch-like gland that secretes fluid that’s rich in fructose
Helps provide a source of energy for the sperm

16. secretes prostaglandins[these are chemicals that cause contractions to help move the sperm toward the egg]

17. 2. Prostate gland:
Secretes an anticoagulant enzyme called Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
PSA aids in the success of sperm by liquefying semen that has thickened after ejaculation.
This thinning action allows sperm to swim more freely

18. 3.Cowper’s glands:
secretes alkaline PH; this neutralizes the acid in the male’s urethra and in the female reproductive system that might damage the sperm

19. -sperm + fluids from the _______, ___________ and the __________ is what makes up the semen

20. 5. urethra
- tube that passes through the penis
- it’s a passage way for sperm and urine

21. 6. penis
-a structure that has evolved to deposit sperm safely within the FEMALE’S body

22. What causes an erection?
nerves in the brain send chemical messages to nerves in the penis telling the penile blood vessels to relax so that blood can flow freely into the penis.
This causes the penis to expand and sustain an erection.

23. Define ejaculation: the excretion of semen out of the penis

24. The female reproductive system
The female reproductive system has 3 important functions:
1. oogenesis the production of ova
2. provides a temporary “home” for the developing embryo
3. produces estrogen and progesterone

25. How do females produce their egg cells and at what age does this occur?

26. The production of egg cells begins in a women’s body before she’s born
Millions of cells in the female fetus have already begun the 1st phase of meiosis in the immature ovaries by the time of birth
When the female reaches puberty, a single egg is matured during meiosis 2 and released each month

28. The female reproductive organs: [internal]
1. vagina
Birth canal
Made up of muscular tissue
Has elasticity
About 10 centimeters long

29. A narrow opening at the lower end of the uterus
2. cervix
A narrow opening at the lower end of the uterus

30. a pear-shaped organ with thick muscular walls
3. uterus
a pear-shaped organ with thick muscular walls
Houses a developing fetus for 40 weeks

31. Contracts during labor and childbirth
Where menstruation occurs

32. 4. fallopian tubes2 pair
Also called the oviducts or uterine tubes
A long tubular structure found next to each ovary
Egg travels through here during ovulation

33. Fertilization occurs here
At the end of each tube are finger-like structures called fimbriae

34. Houses the developing ova Produces the female sex hormones
5. ovary 2 pair
Houses the developing ova
Produces the female sex hormones

35. The female reproductive organs: [external]
1. mons pubis
2. labia major
3. labia minor
4. clitoris
5. breast

37. Hormones and Sexual reproduction
The main endocrine gland in charge of producing these hormones is the……
pituitary gland in the brain

38. The 2 main hormones follicle-stimulating hormone[FSH] and luteinizing hormone[LH] are secreted from the anterior pituitary

39. LH targets the testes to produce testosterone
In males
FSH targets the testes and stimulates the seminiferous tubules to make sperm
LH targets the testes to produce testosterone

40. What is the function of testosterone?
It plays a role in determining the gender of developing fetuses
Secondary Sex Characteristics
It contributes to an active sexual drive in both men and women
increases the metabolic functions in men
It is necessary for sperm to mature

41. In females
FSH targets the ovaries and stimulates the development of the eggs[ova]
LH targets the ovaries and stimulates the estrogen and triggers ovulation

42. What is the function of estrogen and progesterone?
secondary sex characteristics
Responsible for ovulation
Responsible for the menstrual cycle

44. Menstrual cycle
Days 1-13Follicle phase
The egg is maturing in the ovaries
The ovaries contain follicles[a hollow bundle of cells with an egg inside]
The follicles help the egg mature
Several follicles begin to grow with each cycle, but usually only one matures; the others disintegrate

45. As the egg matures, the follicle enlarges and fills with fluid
The follicle releases estrogen which in turn stimulates the release of LH

47. This releases the egg and the fluid into the oviduct[ovulation]
Day 14 Beginning of ovulation
This release of LH cause the follicle to move to the edge of the ovary and bursts
This releases the egg and the fluid into the oviduct[ovulation]

48. in addition, estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and there’s an increase in the amount of blood that flows to this area

49. ovulation still occurring
days 15-20corpus luteum phase
ovulation still occurring
after ovulation has occurred the follicle[now without an egg cell] develops into a yellow-colored body[corpus luteum]

50. the corpus luteum begins to secrete progesterone and further thickens the lining of the uterus including enlargement of arteries and growth of endometrial glands
These glands secrete a nutrient fluid that can sustain an early embryo even before it implants in the uterine lining

52. the level of LH decreases the corpus luteum breaks down
days 21-28 menstruation
the level of LH decreases
the corpus luteum breaks down

53. level of progesterone decreases
The uterine lining disintegrates, releasing blood that is shed along with endometrial tissue and fluid

57. What is PMS?
Premenstrual syndrome[PMS] refers to a variety of symptoms that women can experience days BEFORE her period

58. What are the symptoms of PMS?

59. What causes PMS? Changes in hormone levels Poor diet Stress
Lack of exercise

60. Pelvic exam
Once a female turns 21 years old OR if she is sexually active, she should have regular pelvic exams

61. After about 500 cycles, human females undergo menopause, the permanent end of ovulation and menstruation

62. What are the symptoms of menopause?