1. Opening Assignment
Put the following terms in order from largest to smallest - ecosystem, biome, habitat, biosphere, population, community
Write the following terms down, explain what the are in your own words, and then give an example of an organism in each category that we have studied so far – producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, decomposer

2. Opening Assignment ANSWERS
Put the following terms in order from largest to smallest - ecosystem, biome, habitat, biosphere
Answer: Biosphere, biome, ecosystem, habitat, community, population

3. Opening Assignment ANSWERS
Producer – an organism that can make it’s own food – like photosynthetic algae (Kingdom Protista)
Primary consumer – an organism that eats producers – like sponges who filter algae from the water
Secondary consumer – an organism that eats primary producers – like an octopus eating a mussel
Decomposer – an organism that breaks down dead organisms – like chemosynthetic bacteria

4. Seagrass Food Web Activity
Use your phone to research a Seagrass Food Web.
Draw a picture of one and label the producers, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and decomposers.

5. Seagrass Food Web Example

6. Intro to Seagrasses

7. OA Day 2 List 3 reasons why plants are so important in an ecosystem.
In the Seagrass food web above, what is a
Producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Decomposer

8. Unit 7: Seagrasses and Mangroves
Learning Goals
Students will be able to
Explain the structure, function, and importance of seagrasses and mangroves in ecosystems.
Describe how humans can positively and negatively effect seagrass and mangrove communities.

9. Part 1: Seagrasses

10. Overview Seagrass Definition Distribution Diversity Importance
Human Impacts
Conservation

11. Defining Sea grass
Marine plants with the same basic structure as terrestrial (land) plants.
Have tiny flowers and strap-like or oval leaves.
Have separate roots, leaves and stems.
Have a network of veins that moves nutrients and dissolved gases around.
Form meadows in: estuaries and shallow coastal waters with sandy or muddy bottoms.

12. Seagrass Anatomy Copy and label this diagram  Blade Short Shoot
Main photosynthetic organ.
Short Shoot
Stem.
Rhizome
Horizontal stems and root like structure that connects adjacent short shoots together and anchors the plant to the substrate.
Movement of waste and nutrients.
Extension and reproduction of clones.
Root
Anchor plant.
Absorb nutrients and excrete waste.
Copy and label this diagram 

13. Distribution of Seagrasses
Globally

14. Distribution of Seagrasses
Locally
Distribution is site specific
Depends on location.
Zonation
Seagrasses are limited by
Salinity
Species specific
Water level
Dry out if exposed.
Light availability
Need light photosynthesize

15. Diversity of Seagrasses
Globally
~50 species
Locally in the Indian River Lagoon
7 species of seagrass
Shoal Grass Halodule wrightii
Most common.
Manatee Grass Syringodium filiforme
Turtle Grass Thalassia testudinum
Paddle Grass Halophila decipiens
Johnson Grass Halophila johnsonii
Endangered species.
Star Grass Halophila engelmannii
Widgeon Grass Ruppia martima
Found in low salinities.

16. Seagrass Species in the IRL
Turtle Grass
Johnson Grass
Star Grass
Widgeon Grass
Shoal Grass
Manatee Grass
Paddle Grass

17. Importance of Seagrass
Habitat for many organisms
Provides food and shelter
Nursery ground
(place for young animals to grow up)

18. Importance of Seagrass
Produce oxygen

19. Importance of Seagrass
Reduce wave energy in fragile environments.
Trap sediments to stabilize the ocean floor.

20. Human Impacts on Seagrass
In 1950, it was estimated that Florida had over 5 million acres of seagrass. Today, approximately 2 million acres exist.3
Worsening water quality
Pollution.
Reduced light.
Extreme salinity changes.
Freshwater input from flood gates.
Coastal development
Loss of tidal marshes.
Mechanical damage
Dredging and filling.
Scarring by boat propellers.
Commercial shellfish industry
Handley, L., Altsman, D., and DeMay, R., eds., 2007, Seagrass Status and Trends in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: 1940–2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006–5287, 267 p.

21. Seagrass Conservation
Federal Laws protecting Seagrass
Endangered Species Act
Limitations on dredging
Boating Restriction Zones
No entry zones
Brevard County
No combustion engine zones
Seagrass Research
Conduct surveys
Assess changes/conditions
Aquaculture
Transplantation
Public Education

22. Seagrass Conservation: What you can do
Water Quality:
Following directions on lawn and garden products. Do not over-use fertilizers, pesticides, or herbicides.
Construction Practices:
Rainfall can erode bare earth. The sediment is carried to the bay where it may cloud the water or cover seagrasses - reducing photosynthesis. Properly placed and maintained sediment fences will capture the sediment before it reaches the water.
Boating:
Know the water depth requirements of your boat's design. If you observe seagrass in the propwash, you are too shallow! Stop the motor and drift or pole into deeper water.
Dredging Activities:
Stay informed about dredging activities in your area and support measures to protect seagrass during these operations.

23. Put your Notes away 
Time to see how well you retained this information

24. Check for Understanding
Put your notes away
Answer the following questions
List 3 reasons why Seagrass habitats are important
List 3 things that limit where seagrass lives.
List 3 things that humans are doing that negatively affect seagrass.
What are 3 things that you can do to conserve seagrasses?

25. Check for Understanding - Answers
List 3 reasons why Seagrass habitats are important – produce oxygen, habitat/ nursery grounds, food source
List 3 Explain 3 things that limit where seagrass lives. Salinity, Water level, Light availability

26. Check for Understanding - Answers
3. List 3 things that humans are doing that negatively affect seagrass. Boating, pollution, development
4. What are 3 things that you can do to conserve seagrasses? Don’t pollute, be aware of your boats depth limits, don’t over fertilize your lawn

28. Opening Assignment Day 2
Explain 3 things that limit where seagrass lives.
List 3 things that humans are doing that negatively affect seagrass.
What are 3 things that you can do to conserve seagrasses?

29. Day 2 Activities
Work on the Seagrass packet and turn in when completed.
Then Seagrasses and Mangroves Part 1 –

30. Opening Assignment Day 3
Copy the diagram of a seagrass and label it. 1. 2. 3. 4.

31. Blade _______ Short Shoot ______ Rhizome ________ Root __________
More Review: Match the term with the correct function. Write the function out (it will help you remember it )
Moves wastes and nutrients to extensions of main plant (asexual reprod.)
Anchors plant and absorbs nutrients like nitrogen, carbon, and water
Main photosynthetic organ of plant
The stem
Blade _______
Short Shoot ______
Rhizome ________
Root __________

32. Day 3 Activities Notes on how Seagrasses are mapped and monitored.
Then practice together calculating seagrass populations.

33. Quadrat sampling in science
Is used to monitor changes in seagrass beds over time
Scientists monitor set locations (sites) using transects of multiple quadrats
Results can be used to produce maps of seagrass meadows

34. Quadrat Monitoring

36. Opening Assignment
Pull out your notes to add to and your Seagrass Mapping worksheet so we can finish it today.
Explain why scientists monitor the distribution of seagrasses.

37. Seagrass Mapping
Allows scientists to look at changes in size and composition (what species are present) of seagrass meadows.
Example of a stacked bar graph
Always put each species in the same place
Allows comparisons of both total amount of something and the composition of the total

38. Seagrass Mapping part 2
Use the back of the worksheet to calculate the % of each type of Seagrass in each year.
We will then create a stacked bar graph to show the change of each species in the 3 years.

39. Seagrass Mapping Results

40. Review of Seagrass Mapping
Please answer these questions based on the seagrass mapping worksheet below the graph you have created.
In what year is the seagrass meadow composed of only one type of seagrass?
Which year has the largest seagrass meadow?
Which species of seagrass experience(s) a decline in abundance from 1998 to 1999?

41. Quadrats in the field

42. Opening Assignment
In a 10 X 10 quadrat, what percentage does each square represent?
What can scientists use a quadrat to monitor?

43. Opening Assignment Day 4: Quadrats at Work Lab
Get ready to go outside to do “seagrass” research with quadrats.
EACH student needs something to write with and something hard to write on (notebook?)
Each group needs a calculator (a phone can be used but if you are on any social media during the activity you will receive a zero on the assignment and get 5 demerits.)

44. Quadrats at Work Lab Work in groups of 4 or 5
Each person counts the quadrat INDEPENDENTLY
A square of the quadrat can be
Empty = 0
Half covered = .5
Fully covered = 1
Once all group members have calculated the percent coverage the group will take the mean of the quadrat
This can be done back in the classroom as long as there are no significant differences.

45. Opening Assignment
Explain why scientists monitor the distribution of seagrasses.

46. Photosynthesis Experiment OA
Today we will start an experiment to test whether light affects the rate of photosynthesis in Elodea plants.
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
_____ + ______ + ______ _____+ _____

47. Review
Real chemical equation for photosynthesis

48. What are we testing? ADD TO TOP OF LAB SHEET
Problem: Does light affect the rate of photosynthesis in Elodea plants?
Variables:
Independent:
Dependent:
Constants:

49. Bromothymol Blue Indication solution
How can I increase the carbon dioxide level in my BTB solution?
Why are we adding carbon dioxide?
Will adding carbon dioxide make the solution more basic or acidic?

50. The Experiment

51. Quadrat Review
On a blank piece of paper, please tell me (in complete sentences):
3 things you learned doing the quadrats at work activity and the mapping and monitoring worksheet.
One thing that would improve the activity (either something I could do differently or something you could do differently)

52. Opening Assignment
Grab your test tube rack and your lab experiment sheet. We will finish our experiment first and then start our research on Mangroves.

53. Part 2: Mangroves

54. Assignment for today
Please get an Oceans book out and read pages
Copy and answer the following questions.
Explain the physical environment that mangroves grow in.
Why do they only live in tropical areas?
List 3 organisms that live in the mangrove community.
How do mangroves help prevent erosion?

55. Day 5 Assignment Answers
Explain the physical environment that mangroves grow in. They live in soft, waterlogged, oxygen poor mud with plenty of saltwater.
Why do they only live in tropical areas? They cannot tolerate a climate change of more than 18 degrees farenheit.
List 3 organisms that live in the mangrove community. Fiddler crabs, crocodiles, mud lobsters, window oyster . . .and MANY more 
How do mangroves help prevent erosion? Their root systems hold the mud in place to prevent erosion.

56. Seagrasses and Mangroves Part 2

57. Opening Assignment
Explain the physical environment that mangroves grow in.
Why do they only live in tropical areas?
List 3 organisms that live in the mangrove community.
How do mangroves help prevent erosion?

58. Day 5 Assignment Answers
Explain the physical environment that mangroves grow in. They live in soft, waterlogged, oxygen poor mud with plenty of saltwater.
Why do they only live in tropical areas? They cannot tolerate a climate change of more than 18 degrees farenheit.
List 3 organisms that live in the mangrove community. Fiddler crabs, crocodiles, mud lobsters, window oyster . . .and MANY more 
How do mangroves help prevent erosion? Their root systems hold the mud in place to prevent erosion.

59. Defining Mangroves
A woody plant or plant community which lives between the sea and the land in areas which are inundated by tides.
A species as well as a community.
Ability to live in salt water.
Occur in sheltered coastline areas in the tropical and subtropical inter-tidal regions.
Bays, estuaries, lagoons, and creeks.
This is a challenging environment due to low oxygen, high salt levels, and soft sediment.

60. Diversity of Mangroves in IRL
Globally: ~65 species
Locally in the Indian River Lagoon: 3 species of mangroves
Red Mangrove
Rhizophora mangle
Most recognized.
Black Mangrove
Avicennia germinans
Tolerates colder temperatures.
White Mangrove
Laguncularia racemosa
Furthest up shoreline.

61. Diversity of Mangroves in IRL
Red Mangrove
Black Mangrove
White Mangrove

62. Mangrove Anatomy Trunk Branch Leaf Prop Root
Above ground roots that provide mechanical support to the plant.
Pneumatophore (a.k.a snorkel roots)
A root often functioning as a respiratory organ in a wetland plant.
Propagule/Seed
The fertilized seed of a mangrove plant containing an embryo and capable of germination to produce a new plant.
Propagules
Leaf
Prop Roots
Seed
Trunk
Pneumatophores
Branch

63. Distribution of Mangroves
Globally

64. What about local distribution?
In the Indian River Lagoon each species of mangrove has its own niche, based on its unique adaptations.
One species is located at the waters edge, one slightly inland, and the third highest upland.

65. Distribution of Mangroves
Local Zonation
Typical pattern from water to land
Red Black  White
Mangroves are limited by:
Temperature
Salinity
Wave energy
Soil oxygen levels
Drainage
Differing nutrient levels

66. Importance of Mangroves
Habitat for diversity of organisms
Provides food and shelter
Leaf litter nutrients 1kg/m2/year
Nursery ground

67. Importance of Mangroves
Producer of oxygen and filter water

68. Importance of Mangroves
Reduce wave energy in fragile environments.
Trap sediments to stabilize the shoreline.

69. Human Impacts on Mangroves
Mosquito Control Impoundments alter water flow.
Since 1950 more than 75% of the marsh and mangrove wetlands bordering the IRL have been destroyed.
> 40,000 acres have been turned into mosquito impoundments.
Coastal development
Residential and commercial.
Cut back mangroves
Siltation due to bare earth
Aquaculture & Agriculture
Shrimp farms.
Fertilizer and pesticide run-off.
Dredging/Industrialization
Ports and harbor development.

70. Conservation of Mangroves
Environmental Protection Act, 1986
Reconnecting mosquito impoundments to lagoon.
Mimic tidal flow
Laws restricting mangrove trimming.
Mangrove replenishment
Plant mangroves in areas suitable for development.
Help to cement the roots by pvc housing.
Public education
Research

71. Conservation of Mangroves: What you can do
Water Quality:
Following directions on lawn and garden products. Do not over-use fertilizers, pesticides, or herbicides.
Do not pollute.
Construction Practices:
Cutting down mangroves is illegal and can lead to erosion. Report mangrove removal to the proper authorities.
Dredging Activities:
Stay informed about dredging activities in your area and support measures to protect mangroves during these operations.

72. What are the challenges for mangroves? Copy this chart
Low oxygen
High salt levels
Soft sediment
Red
Prop roots absorb oxygen through lenticels
Salt is excluded by the prop roots
Prop roots
Black
Pneumatophores
Excrete salt at the surface of the leaves
Not an issue because they are found further from the water
White
Salt glands at the base of leaves

73. Check for Understanding
What are the mangrove seeds called?
What are the snorkel roots called?
Put the three types in order from the water to the land.

74. Opening Assignment
List 3 reasons why mangroves are important components of marine ecosystems.
What are the 3 challenges that mangroves must be adapted to in order to survive?

75. Mangrove Creature Feature Worksheet
Today you will create an organism that is adapted to the difficult Mangrove environment.
Make sure that you have explained what features enable your species to survive in this low oxygen, high salt, and soft sediment environment. This is due at the end of the period. Be ready to explain what you have created. 

76. Mangroves – Guardians of the Coast
As you are watching this take some notes on why mangrove forest ecosystems are so essential to this Indian village. After the video you will write a summary on this topic.

77. Mangroves video

78. Opening Assignment
How are prop roots and pneumatophores similar and different?
How are the three types of mangroves situated from the land out to the water?

79. More review Where do Mangroves live? Where do seagrasses live?1.
3. Without looking at
your notes identify
the numbered items.
Tropical shallow waters – bays, estuaries, creeks, and lagoons
Shallow water coastlines
Blade, stem or short shoot, rhizome, roots 2. 3. 4.

80. Unit 8: Seagrasses and Mangroves Review Game
Get into groups of 4-5
Grab a dry erase board and a marker

81. Question #1
List the 3 types of mangroves that live in the Indian River Lagoon and where they live in relation to the water.
Red, black, white

82. Question #2
What adaptation do Red mangroves have that help them support themselves in the water?
red

83. Question #3
What is the name of the root that functions as a respiratory organ for Black mangroves?
pneumatophore

84. Question #4
The fertilized seed of a mangrove plant that contains an embryo and is capable of germination to produce a new plant is called a _______________________.
propagule

85. Question #5
The horizontal stem on a seagrass that is responsible for transporting nutrients across to seagrass extensions is called _______________.
rhizome

86. Question #6
How do Mangroves survive living in a high salt environment? (how do they get rid of the extra salt?)
They excrete salt through prop roots (red), top of leaves (black), or bottom of leaves (white)

87. Question #7 What 3 things limit where seagrasses can grow?
Salinity, water level, light availability

88. Question #8
Which type of mangrove has more of the prop roots due to where it lives in relation to the water?
red

89. Question #9 List 3 organisms that live in the Mangrove communities.
Crocodiles, lobsters, crabs, swamp wallaby,

90. Question #8
Which type of marine flowering plant can live completely submerged?
seagrass

91. Question #10
Explain what type of marine flowering plant(s) helps to prevent erosion and how
they do this.
All through their root systems

92. Question #12 True or False
Cutting down Mangroves is not illegal in Indian River County.
false

93. Question #13
What 3 things are challenges that Mangroves must be able to adapt to in their environment?
High salt, low oxygen, soft sediment

94. Question #14
What are the closest relatives of seagrasses? Hint: it helps provide evidence that they evolved from land plants.
The lily family

95. Question #15 How do seagrasses reproduce sexually?
The gametes travel through the water current

96. Question Tie Breaker
In the process of photosynthesis – what are the 3 reactants and 2 products?

97. Opening Assignment
Study for your Unit 7 Test today on Seagrasses and Mangroves 

98. Intro to Chordates

99. Intro to Chordates Title your paper – Unit 8 Chordates
As we watch the “Crash Course video on Chordates” answer the following questions.
1. What are 4 characteristics of chordates?
2. What are 4 examples of organisms in Phylum Chordata?

100. Opening Assignment
What are the 4 characteristics of chordates you wrote down yesterday?
List 4 organisms in Phylum Chordata.

101. Activity
Login to your and open the document I have shared with you.
Throughout Unit 8 you will be building a research portfolio about your favorite marine chordate. Today you will find an informational video and an informational website that you will share with the class on the Google Spreadsheet “blog”.
You will create a short summary of your animals awesome characteristics to insert into the spreadsheet. You will then comment on at least 2 other students animals.