1. Bellringer
Explain the saying, “When France sneezes, Europe gets a cold.”

2. Anatomy of a Revolution
American & French Revolution

3. FEVER MODEL OF REVOLUTION
Breaks
Much like an illness, revolutions can also be studied in stages

4. Anatomy of a Revolution: a Model Developed by Crane Brinton
Borrowed from pathology.
Compares a revolution to a disease:
Problems fester without being addressed; revolutionary ideas “incubate”
Revolutionary “fever” begins with the appearance of certain “symptoms” manifest.
Proceeds but quickly retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.”
Crisis ends when the “fever” breaks.
Recovery follows, but interrupted by a relapse before complete.

5. Problems fester without being addressed; revolutionary ideas “incubate”
Long-Term Causes:
People from all social classes are discontented.
People feel restless and held down by unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, the economy or the govt.
People are hopeful about the future, but they are being forced to accept less than they had hoped for.
The scholars and thinkers give up on the way their society operates.
The government does not or cannot respond to the needs of its society.
in France?

6. Revolutionary “fever” begins with the appearance of certain “symptoms” manifest
Short-Term Causes / Initial Stage:
Impossible demands made of government which, if granted, would mean its end.
Unsuccessful government attempts to suppress demands.
Revolutionaries gain power and seem united.
The moderates gain the leadership but fail to satisfy those who insist on further changes.
in France?

7. Proceeds but quickly retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.”
Radical Phase:
Once in power, revolutionaries begin to quarrel among themselves, and unity begins to dissolve.
Power is gained by progressively more radical groups until finally a lunatic fringe gains almost complete control.
The extremists try to create a “heaven-on-earth” by introducing their whole program and by punishing all of their opponents.
in France?

8. Crisis ends when the “fever” breaks
A strong man emerges and assumes great power.
Moderate groups regain power.
in France?

9. Recovery follows Results: Relapse interrupts recovery.
Were the original goals of the revolution achieved?
Did the ideals of the revolution change as its leadership changed?
Which social groups gained the most?
How was the old regime changed as a result?
in France?

11. French problems fester without being addressed; revolutionary ideas “incubate”
Long-Term Causes:
Enlightenment thinkers urged the need to limit the powers of the Catholic church, aristocracy, & monarchy
Rigid class structure of 3 estates
Middle-class business & merchants with increased wealth questioned aristocratic privilege and unequal taxes
Poorer members of 3rd Estate faced increasingly harsh conditions & tax burden while nobility led lavish lives, which led for calls for freedom from landlord demands
The French treasury was depleted due to spending on Seven Years War & American Revolution
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12. French Revolution begins with “fever” & the appearance of “symptoms”
Short-Term Causes / Initial Stage:
Bad harvests in 1787 & 1788 and slowdown in manufacturing led to food shortages, rising prices, & unemployment
Near collapse of French budget led to calling of Estates General
In 1789, issue of tax reform & unequal representation led 3rd Estate to form National Assembly
Street rioters storm Bastille & Assembly adopted Declaration of the Rights of Man
Natural & individual rights of freedom of religion, freedom of press, equality before law
Manorialism abolished & records seized; aristocratic & Church property seized
Constitutional monarchy established with strong parliament: property-owning men eligible to vote
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13. French Revolution proceeds but quickly retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.”
Radical Phase:
Political radicals want more reform; King detested loss of absolute power; Fear spreads of war w/ Austria & Prussia
Radicals & Robespierre seize power
Monarchy ended; new constitution w/ universal male suffrage
Reign of Terror & guillotine
Metric system created; new calendar w/ 10-day weeks; universal military conscription; De-Christianization as churches turned into “temples of reason”
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14. French crisis ends when the “fever” breaks
Robespierre executed & a more moderate Directory took power
New constitution with two house legislature; universal male suffrage ended in favor of property owning electors
Napoleon rose to power to preserve moderate reforms & rely on military during war
Republic turned into authoritarian empire; freedom of expression limited, but Napoleonic Code confirmed religious freedom, trained bureaucracy, centralized system of schooling
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15. French recovery follows
Results:
System of 3 estates ended
Middle-class liberals triumphed over aristocracy
Revolutionary legislation & nationalist feelings spread throughout Europe
Congress of Vienna promoted a balance of power b/t nations & maintain monarchical power
Spectrum of political ideas: conservative, liberal, radical
Revolutions of 1848 push to achieve fuller social reforms
Liberals consolidated authority; serfdom abolished throughout W. Europe; class system based on wealth rather than birth; universal male suffrage re-instituted in France

17. American Revolution Which stage does each development represent?
French-Indian War
Stamp Act
Thomas Paine & Patrick Henry
Boston Massacre
Declaration of Independence
Articles of Confederation
Shay’s Rebellion
Constitution & Bill of Rights
George Washington
Alien & Sedition Acts
“Revolution” of 1800

18. Western Europe
Enlightenment ideas spread
French Revolution
Congress of Vienna
Rise of liberals, radicals
Rise of nationalism
1848 Revolutions
End of serfdom & feudal classes
Consolidation of liberal ideas of gov’t
Unification of Italy
Unification of Germany
Intensification of nationalism
Growth of socialism as a political force
New government functions support education, welfare programs, etc