1. WORD FORMATION AND MORPHOLOGY
Prepared by:
Fatin Amirah binti ag mohd ali ( )
Fatimah mardhiah binti omar ( )

2. WORD FORMATION

3. 2 1 3 9 4 8 5 7 6 WORD FORMATION NEOLOGISM ETOMOLOGY
MULTIPLE PROCESSES
BORROWING
*LOAN-TRANSLATION 9 4
WORD
FORMATION
DERIVATION
*PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
*INFIXES 8
COMPOUNDING
*BLENDING
CLIPPING
*HYPOCORISMS
*BACKFORMATION 5 7
COINAGE
*ACRONYMS 6
CONVERSION

4. NEOLOGISM A neologism is a newly coined word or term.
Some neologisms are formally accepted into everyday language.
A neologism can be:
A completely new word (ex, overshare)
A new combination of existing words (ex, digital detox)
A new meaning for an existing word (ex, sick)

5. Examples of Neologisms
Below is an example of neologism:
Sick: Good.
Examples of Old "Neologisms"
The following former neologisms have been formally accepted into everyday language (this usually means appearing in a respectable dictionary). As a result, they can no longer be classified as neologisms.
Wicked: Good or cool.
To Google: To look up information on the internet.
Examples of Neologisms under Transition
The following neologisms can be considered under transition. In other words, they are still neologisms, but it is likely they will be accepted into mainstream language soon.
Noob: A person new to an online gaming community.
Troll: A person who posts obnoxious comments to an online community.

6. ETYMOLOGY
Etymology is the study of the origin and history of a word. Etymology is a Latin word but has its origins in: Greek (étymon [original form] + logia [study of])

7. ETYMOLOGY OF ‘EXAMPLE’
Latin
ex-
(Out)
Latin
eximere
(take out)
Latin
exemplum
(take out)
Latin
emere
(take)
The word ‘exemplum’ comes from an old French word which later used to form the word ‘example’.
Late Middle English
example

8. BORROWING *Loan-translation
Borrowing is the taking over of words from other languages.
Examples of borrowing:
Jewel (French)
Piano (Italian)
Tycoon (Japanese)
Tattoo (Tahitian)
Examples of borrowed English words:
Supermarket (suupaamaaketto) Japanese
Typewriter (taipuraitaa) Japanese

9. Loan-translation Loan translation is also known as calque (/ kælk /)
Loan translation is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language.
Loan-translation example for the word ‘skyscraper’ (English):
Wolkenkrabber (Dutch = cloud scratcher)
Wolkenkratzer (German = cloud scraper)

10. COMPOUNDING
Compounding is the joining of two separate words to produce a single form.
Example for common English compound (noun):
Examples for adjective compound:
Good-looking
Bookcase
Low-paid
Doorknob
Fingerprint
Examples for Adjective + Noun compound:
Sunburn
Textbook
Fast-food
Full-time

11. Blending
Blending is the combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term.
We typically take the beginning of one word and join it to the end of the other word.
Blending examples:
Smoke + fog = smog
Breakfast + lunch = brunch
Motor + hotel = motel
Television + broadcast = telecast
Spanish + English = Spanglish

12. CLIPPING
Clipping occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form.
Examples of clipping:
Facsimile = fax
Gasoline = gas
Advertisement = ad
Brassiere = bra
Condominium = condo
Influenza = flu

13. Hypocorisms
Happens when a longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then (-y) or (-ie) is added to the end.
Hypocorisms examples:
Television = telly
Biscuit = bickie
Bookmarker = bookie
Breakfast = brekky
Handkerchief = hankie

14. Backformation
Backformation is the word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb)
Backformation example:
Television(noun)-televise(verb)
Donation-donate
Babysitter-babysit
Option-opt
Worker-work

15. CONVERSION
Conversion also known as 'category change' and 'functional shift'
is a change in the function of a word.
Ex: a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction) Bottle - We bottled the home-brew last night. butter- Have you buttered the toast? Chair - Someone has to chair the meeting. Vacation - They're vacationing in Florida. Conversion can involve verbs becoming nouns. guess - a guess must - a must spy - a spy Ex: noun -verb dust - Did you dust the living room? glue - I'll have to glue it together. referee - who will referee the game? water - Would you water my plants? Ex: verb - noun to cheat - He's a cheat. to doubt - They have some doubts to hand out - I didn't get a handout. to hire - We have two new hires.

16. COINAGE Coinage is the invention and general use of totally new terms.
Typical sources are trade names for commercial products that become general terms (without capital letters) for any version of that product.
Old example of coinage:
Contemporary example of coinage:
aspirin
google (to use the internet to find information)
nylon
vaseline
zipper
kleenex

17. Eponyms Eponyms form new words based on name of a person or a place.
Examples:
Jeans = the Italian city of Genoa where the type of cloth was first made.
Sandwich = 4th Earl of Sandwich insisted on having his salt beef between two slices of toasted bread while gambling. His friends apparently started to ask to have the same as 'Sandwich‘.

18. Acronyms formed from initial letter of a set of other words.
Examples:
CD - compact disk
Radar - radio detecting and ranging
Scuba - Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
ATM - Automatic Teller Machine
PIN - Personal Identification Number

19. DERIVATION Derivation is a word formation process by means of a large
Some familiar examples are the elements:
number of small ‘bits’ of English language that are
un- (unhappy)
mis- (misrepresent)
not usually given separate listings in dictionaries.
pre- (prejudge)
-ful (joyful)
These small 'bits' are generally described as affixes.
-less (careless)
-ish (boyish)
-ism (terrorism)
Affixes can be divided into two
types which are:
-ness (sadness)
Prefixes
Suffixes

20. Prefixes and Suffixes
Prefixes are words that are added to the beginning of word as in:
un- (unhappy)
mis- (misrepresent)
pre- (prejudge)
Suffixes are words that are added to the end of the word as in:
-ful (joyful)
-less (careless)
-ish (boyish)
-ism (terrorism)
-ness (sadness)
Some words may contain both prefixes and suffixes or more than one prefix or suffix. For example:
Disrespectful (both prefix and suffix)
Foolishness (two suffixes -ish and -ness)

21. a thing with which to tie
Infixes
Infix is a third type of affix. It is not normally used in English but found in other language.
In English speaking nature it is used in fortuitous or aggravating circumstances by emotionally aroused English speakers.
Example:
Hallebloodylujah!
Absogoddamlutely!
Better examples can be provided by Khmu (or Kamhmu), a lannguage spoken in Laos, South-East Asia.
Verb
Noun
to drill
see
srnee
a drill
to chisel
toh
trnoh
a chisel
to eat with a spoon
hiip
hrniip
a spoon
to tie
hoom
hrnoom
a thing with which to tie

22. MULTIPLE PROCESSES
There are some words that employ more than one process at work in the creation of a particular word.
Examples:
Deli - a borrowing word from ‘delicatessen’ (German) and then clipping that borrowed form.
Waspish - As in 'waspish attitude' lost its capital letters and gain suffix (-ish) in the derivation process.
Yuppie - Capital letters from 'young urban professional' plus the -ie suffix.

23. MORPHOLOGY

24. Morphology Greek words: morph (form/structure) and logy (study)
Study of words, how they are structured and how they are put together from smaller parts.
Provides rules called morphological rules that are used to form all the words of a language, including possible but non-occurring words.
- celeber, separ + ‘ate’ / ‘ation’

25. Morphemes
Smallest meaningful or significant units of grammatical functions.
Units of grammatical function include forms used to indicate past tense or plural.
Eg: walked  walk + ed
boys  boy + s

26. Free and Bound Morphemes
Free morpheme can stand by itself independently as single word without having to be attached to other morphemes.
Eg: boy / walk / sleep
Bound morpheme cannot stand alone and has to be attached to other morphemes before they can function as a part of a word.
Eg: ‘-s’ / ‘-ed’
Bound morphemes are known as affixes; must be attached or affixed to other morphemes.

27. Affixes Prefixes Attached to the beginning of another morphemes. ‘re’
‘un’
‘im’
Rewrite
Unhappy
Impolite
Suffixes
Attached to the end of another morphemes.
‘ize’
‘ist’
‘er’
Modernize
Typist
Singer
Infixes
Attached within another morphemes.
Usually use in exaggeration.
Not used in standard English; slang.
‘bloody’
Fanbloodytastic

28. Lexical and Functional Morphemes
Lexical morphemes
Morphemes that carry the content or meaning of the messages that we are conveying .
Set of ordinary nouns, verbs, adjective and adverbs.
If this morpheme is absence, the message is not conveyed.
Eg: i) I study in UiTM.
ii) She is feeling happy.

29. Functional morphemes
Morphemes that do not carry the content of the messages, but rather help the grammar of the sentence function.
Set of functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns.
If this morpheme is absence, the message can still be understood.
Eg: i) She is in a classroom.
ii) She cries because she fell down.

30. Derivational Morphemes
To make new words or to make words of a different grammatical category.
If this morpheme is added, it would change the part of the speech.
Examples of derivational morphemes are ‘-ful’, ‘-ness’, ‘-less’, ‘- ly’, ‘-y’, ‘-ish’, ‘-ment’.
eg: slow + ly  slowly
(adjective) (adverb)
slow + ness  slowness
(adjective) (noun)

31. Inflectional Morphemes
Not used to produce new words but to indicate aspects of grammatical function of a word.
Used to show if a word is singular or plural, present or past tense, and if it is a comparative or possessive form.
English has only 8 inflectional morphemes.

32. (PLU) = plural Noun -s
boys
(POSS) = possessive Noun
-’s
boy’s
(COMP) = comparative Adj
-er
older
(SUP) = superlative Adj
-est
oldest
(PRES) = present Verb
walks
(PAST) past Verb
-ed
walked
(PAST PART) = past participle Verb
-en
driven
(PRES PART) = present participle Verb
-ing
driving

33. Morphological Description
Inflectional morpheme
Derivational morpheme
Inflectional morphemes never change the grammatical category of a word.
Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category of a word.
eg: old and older
eg: teach and teacher
- both are adjectives
- the ‘-er’ simply creates a different version of the adjective.
- the verb teach becomes the noun teacher if we add the derivational morpheme ‘-er’.
Just because they look the same (-er) doesn’t mean that they do the same kind of work.
Suffix ‘-er’ can be an inflectional morpheme as a part of an adjective and can be a derivational morpheme as a part of a noun.

34. The teacher’s wildness shocked the girls’ parents.
Lexical
Free
Functional
Morphemes
Derivational
Bound
Inflectional
The teacher -er -’s wild (func) (lex) (der) (inf) (lex) -ness shock -ed the girl (der) (lex) (inf) (func) (lex) -’s parent -s (inf) (lex) (inf)

35. Problem in Morphological Description
What is the inflectional morpheme that makes men the plural of man, or women the plural of woman?
What is the inflectional morpheme that makes read the past tense of read, or went the past tense of go?
These kind of words are clearly exceptions to general patterns and have to be treated as special cases.

36. Morphs and Allomorphs
Morphs is the actual forms used to realize morphemes.
A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme - how the morpheme is said.
This distinction occurs because the morpheme can remain the same, but the pronunciation changes.

37. For example, the plural morpheme in English '-s'.
'-s' is the morpheme, but the morph changes in different words:
eg: Cats '-s' morpheme is pronounced /s/ Dogs '-s' morpheme is pronounced /z/ Houses '-s' morpheme is pronounced /ɪz/
These various pronunciations are the morphs of the morpheme '-s'.
Allomorphs are the varieties of a morpheme, which is closely related to the morph. The morph is just how you pronounce the morpheme, the allomorph is the variation in pronunciation.
So, the morpheme '-s' (plural) has three allomorphs with the morph /s/, /z/, and /ɪz/.

38. Quiz! The teacher’s frankness shocked the boy’s parents.
Determine what type of morphemes are in the sentence. There are 13 total morphemes.
How many morphemes do these words contain?
plays play + s (2 morphemes)
replay
cheap
cheaply
cheaper
able
unable
brighten