1. The Structure of the Earth
Continental Puzzle
• Pangaea – theory of continental drift
• Continents—landmasses above water on Earth
Inside the Earth
• The Core is the center of the earth
• Outer core is liquid; inner core is solid
• The Mantle surrounds the
core (outer core)
• Magma—molten rock that
forms in the mantle
• Crust—thin layer of rock at
Earth’s surface
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2. On and Above the Earth
•Atmosphere is the layer of gasses surrounding the earth:
- contains oxygen
- protects Earth from radiation, space debris
• Lithosphere—solid rock portion of Earth’s surface, forms ocean floor
• Hydrosphere—water elements on Earth including atmospheric water
• Biosphere—atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere combined

3. • Motion of ocean helps distribute heat on the planet
Bodies of Water
Ocean Motion
• Motion of ocean helps distribute heat on the planet 2
Lakes, Rivers, and Streams
• Lakes hold more than 95% of the earth’s fresh water
• Freshwater lakes were created by glaciers
• Saltwater lakes form when outlet to sea is cut off
• Tributaries are smaller and feed into rivers
Ground Water
• Ground water— water held in the
pores of rock
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4. • Landforms are naturally formed features on Earth’s surface
• Topography —the configurations and distribution of landforms
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5. • Tectonic plates are massive, moving pieces of Earth’s crust
Plate Tectonics
The Earth Moves
• Tectonic plates are massive, moving pieces of Earth’s crust
Plate Movement
•  Plates move in one of four ways:
- moving apart
- subduction, going
under another plate
- collision
- sliding past each other
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6. • An earthquake occurs when plates grind or slip at a fault line
Faults & Earthquakes
• An earthquake occurs when plates grind or slip at a fault line
• A seismograph detects earthquakes and measures the waves they create
Earthquake Locations
• Epicenter —the point directly above focus on the earth’s surface
• Richter Scale —numeric scale showing relative strength of earthquake
Tsunami
• Tsunami, a giant ocean wave, begins at epicenter of an earthquake:
- travels at up to 450 mph
- waves of 50–100 ft. or higher
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8. Volcanoes The Explosive Earth
• Volcano—underground materials pour from crack in the earth’s surface
• Eruption—lava, gases, ash, dust, explode from vent in Earth’s crust
Ring of Fire
• Ring of Fire —zone around rim of Pacific Ocean that contains many volcanoes and hot springs
• Creates fertile soil
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9. • Weathering —processes that alter rock on or near the earth’s surface
• Mechanical weathering —processes that break rock into smaller pieces
• Examples: frost, plant roots, road construction, mining
• Chemical weathering —interaction of elements creates new substance
• Example: when iron rusts it reacts to oxygen in air and crumbles
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10. • Erosion —when weathered material moves by winds, water, ice, gravity4
Water Erosion
- river deposits sediment at ocean, creates delta —fan-like landform
Wind Erosion
Glacial Erosion
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