1. CHAPTERS 8, 9 & 10
Geology the study of the Earth's surface (rocks) and interior.
Astronomy the study of the universe that the Earth is a part of.
Meteorology the study of weather and the Earth's atmosphere.

2. ROCKS All rocks are made of minerals 3 classifications of rocks:
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Igneous rocks form from the process of solidification of magma
Sedimentary rocks are formed from compaction and cementing of Earth’s matter.
Sediments are carried by wind, water, glaciers ect.
Rock may contain fossils
Metamorphic rocks are igneous and sedimentary that have experienced high pressure and temperature deep within the Earth.
The classification of rock is based on:
The way the rock was formed

4. WHAT IS THE EARTH MADE OF?
Crust: rock
Mantle:
Mantle is separated in two parts:
Liquid Rock
Stiff Mantle made of Rock
Outer core: liquid iron and nickel
Inner core: solid iron and nickel
Question: How do Scientists know the structure of the interior of the Earth?
Answer: By studying the earthquake waves as they travel through the inside of the Earth.

5. Theory of Plates Tectonics
Fact: Theory explains that the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates that actually “float” on the liquid portion of the Earth’s mantle!
Plates are constantly in motion due to convection currents (heat transfer).
Plates “float” above the liquid mantle due to a lower density!
The edges of the plates are geologic active zones for earthquakes, volcanoes and new mountain formation

6. Evidence of Crustal Movement
Observing layers in the lithosphere indicates evidence that land has moved.
Some disturbances to rock layers are observed as:
Folds, tilted and cracks or faults
Theory of Continental Drift: continents moved away from each other and were once one continent
What provides evidence that we were once one continent?

7. Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics
Crustal Plate movement is the major cause of earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes
Earthquakes and volcanoes follow a pattern
They most occur along the edges of actively moving crustal plates
“Ring of Fire”: located along the border of Pacific Ocean where much activity occurs

8. Four Types of Active Plate Movement
Subduction
Divergent
Transform
Convergent

9. Faults
FAULTS:
CRACK in THE EARTH’S CRUST CAUSED BY EARTH QUAKE

10. QUESTIONS Volcanoes Earthquakes Where do volcanoes form?
What do volcanoes help to form?
List 6 waste products from a volcano.
Identify 2 geological changes that can be caused by volcanoes.
How can volcanoes cause a colder climate.
Earthquakes
What can cause an Earthquake?
What can earthquakes cause?
Where do most volcanoes and earthquakes form?
Name the most active site that borders the pacific ocean.

11. What is a Topographic Map?
A topographic map is a representation of the Earth
It shows the shape of the Earth's surface with the use of contour lines/isolines.
Contours are imaginary lines that join points of equal elevation on the surface of the land
These lines help to measure the height of mountains, depths of the ocean bottom, and steepness of slopes.

12. LOOK AT THE HIGHLIGHTED AREAS, WHAT DOES IT TELL YOU?
Topographic Maps

13. What do topographic maps tell us?
1. What does it mean when the lines are closer together?
2. How do you know which direction a river is flowing?
3. What do the hachure lines represent?

14. Go to the following web links for help.