1. Keep in mind no one has witnessed the entire history of life of earth
2. no one has observed the process of speciation from start to finish
Evolutionary biology is a historical science
Look at the end products of events
Other historical sciences: geology, archaeology

2. Evolution as a historical science
Q: If no one has observed the entire process, how can we determine if evolution has/is occurring?
A: Deduction.
If evolution has been going on for 3.5 billion years on earth, then we can make predictions about the patterns that we should observe
Evolution is a theory and if the predicted patterns are not found, then we reject evolution as a theory

3. Evidence for Evolution
artificial selection
Plants
Dogs
2. evolution in nature
Many pest are resistant to various compounds used to control them - e.g. herbicide, antibiotics
b. Industrial melanism -- Peppered moth

4. Fossil Record Provides a record of species that lived long ago Age
Appearance of
3.5 bya
bacteria
600 mya
invertebrates
440 mya
fishes
225 mya
mammals
1.5 mya
"man"

5. Fossils simplest fossils found in oldest layers (3.5 b.y.a),
More complex forms are found in younger layers
fossils in younger layers are more similar to living organisms than are fossils in older layers
gradual changes are seen in many fossil lineages (e.g. horses) and intermediate forms have often been found

6. Fossils
Transitional Fossils – fossils that contain features of several species
Derived trait – new traits not in ancestral species
Ancestral traits – primitive features in ancestral species
Archaeoptyerx

7. Homologous Structures
Similar features that originated in a common ancestor
Develop from same embryonic structure
Have similar structure but different functions

8. Analogous Structures Serve identical functions and look somewhat alike
BUT, very different in embryologic development
Moth
Bat
Pterodactyl
Bird

9. Vestigial Structures
Features that were used but no longer serve a function
Organism with vestigial feature share common ancestry with an organism that has a functional version of the same feature

10. Whale
Snake

11. Similarities in Embryology
Early embryos of many different vertebrate species look similar
Similarities in early development are a indication of common ancestry

13. Similarities in Macromolecules
The more similar the proteins are in different species the more closely related the species are
The greater the similarity, the more recently the organisms are considered to have diverged from a common ancestor

15. What is a Cladogram?
A branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships among species based on similarities and differences in physical and/or genetic characteristics

16. Cladogram/Phylogenetic Tree

18. Uses of Phylogenetic Trees
Organize knowledge of biological diversity
Structure classifications
Providing insight into events that occurred during evolution

19. Number of differences from human cytochrome c
Create a cladogram using the following information
Species
Number of differences from human cytochrome c
Monkey 1
Rabbit 4
Horse 6
Chicken 7
Frog 8
Turtle
Tuna 9
Shark 14

20. Create a cladogram using the following information.
Organism
Derived Characteristic
Vertebrate
Bony Skeleton
Four Limbs
Amniotic Egg
Egg with shell
Hair
Shark
present
Absent
Fish
Present
Amphibian
Crocodile
Bird
Rabbit

21. 1. The image illustrates what evolutionary concept?

22. 2. Which of the following is NOT a component of the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection? A. competition for food and space B. variation among species C. inheritance of acquired characteristics D. survival and reproduction
3. A structure that seems to serve no purpose in an organism is called: A. homologous B. vestigial C. dichotomous D. fossilized

23. 4. In science, theories are: A. an educated guess B. a known fact C
4. In science, theories are: A. an educated guess B. a known fact C. absolute and unchangeable D. the best explanation for a set of data or observations 5. Larmarke is to "Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics" as Darwin is to _____ A. divergence of related species B. homologous structures C. evolution by natural selection D. speciation by common descent

24. Any variation that can help an organism survive in its environment is called a(n): A. adaptation B. characteristic C. competition D. vestigial structure
The strongest evidence for change over a long period of time comes from: A. DNA B. fossils C. embryo studies D. direct observation of living species

25. 8. The dog breeds we have today were developed through: A
8. The dog breeds we have today were developed through: A. natural selection B. artificial selection (selective breeding) C. sexual selection D. acquired selection 9. The finches on the Galapagos island were similar in form except for variations of their beaks. Darwin observed that these variations were useful for: A. attracting a mate B. defending territory C. building nests D. gathering food