1. CCT 300: Critical Analysis of Media
Class 2: Mass and New Media Analysis

2. Introduction In pairs: What did you do this summer?
What do you expect to gain out of this course?
What do you want to be doing in five years?
Name one issue of contention or controversy involving media (mass or new…)

3. Media Analysis Analysis of media form, genre
Technological analysis and determinism
Critical political economy
Cultural Studies

4. Brainstorming Genre What defines a genre?
How can we break down definitions to increase analytical precision?
What benefits exist in doing so? To whom? And when do we hit a point of ridiculousness in doing so?
What genres exist?

5. Principles to consider..
All media forms can be classified into genres (some deliberately or inadvertently bridge or mix forms)
All media forms involve technology (in the broadest sense of the word)
All media have economic, political and cultural consequence
Holistic understanding of media systems leads to a more grounded, less biased understanding

6. Mass/Public Media & Society
C. Wright Mills backgrounder
Institutionalization of mass society and its shaping of mass media (sociotechnical system)

7. Public v. Mass Localized culture Horizontal power structure
Relatively equal ratio of leaders/followers
“Jack of all trades”
Global culture, with little individuation
Centralized power structures
Few leaders, many followers
Specialization and division of labour

8. Implications for Media Form
Mass media for mass audiences in mass societies
Competition for amount of eyeballs, media as big business
Mass media as central bonding experience
Mass media as centralized cultural control structure

9. Demassification
Rise of the postmodern / postindustrial / information age
Individuals and localized communities reemerge and gain in importance
Media as tools of creation and expression, not simply passive channels
Examples?

10. Society and Media as STS
Sociotechnical systems - not technologically determined or socially shaped, but a mix of the two forces operating concomitantly
In this case, does mass culture drive the formation of mass media? Or, is it the other way around?

11. Manovich
Language of New Media - distilling the core essence of new media forms into eight propositions (a good example of media genre analysis for the Wiki?)
More of a technological determinism approach, although does look at social and economic factors
N.B. “New Media” is not a chronological distinction (although newer examples are more likely to be “new”)

12. New Media vs. Cyberculture
Proposes a distinction - new media studies as studies of new cultural forms and structures vs. the social use (e.g., gaming culture, digital divide issues)
Is this a clear distinction?

13. New Media as Distribution
Looks at new media explicitly as channel - mediated through digital transmission, in whatever form
Is this useful? Three limits noted - a) media forms change b) are changing towards network distribution and c) is there any common ground b/w computer mediated forms, anyway?

14. New Media as Software Controlled
Use of data structures, modularity, automation to create the cultural form
Digital photography/video as example; due to common technical standards for coding and manipulation, media objects can be manipulated (sometimes automatically) with ease
Other examples - e.g., embedded Google content

15. Cultural conventions
Uneven development - just because you can represent and manipulate something in digital form doesn’t mean it will work will in practice (e.g., film)
“morph” or “composite” - earlier conceptual models survive transition to new media (e.g., desktop metaphor vs. alternatives)

16. Aesthetics of New Media
New media technologies create their own established aesthetics
Example: DV movies and cheaper amateur production (
Builds on previous models, however - e.g., Quicktime vs. Kinetoscope

17. New Media as Efficient
Computing technology executes various tasks considerably faster - e.g., 3D animation, composite photography
Efficiency opens up new possibilities and phenomena (e.g., DIY photo/video editing)

18. New Media as Metamedia
New media repurposes old media, combines existing media sources (e.g., photo montage, web mashing, music sampling)
Not new, just qualitatively different (and more efficient) than previous uses (e.g., 1920s avant-garde)

19. New Media as Nexus of Art and Computing
Computing becomes a more right-brain, creative process - a tool to represent and create new realities vs. simply crunch numbers (although there’s lots of that still required…)

20. McLuhan - Laws of Media Universal dynamic of media change
Represented as tetrad - four intersecting concomitant influences
Grouped into two forces - ground (historical/cultural convention) and figure (emergent forces/media)

21. Four Forces Enhancement (positive change, amplification)
Retrieval (recovery of past forces)
Reversal (new or resurgent challenges jeopardizing new media)
Obsolescence (erosion of older values/forces)

22. Next Week… Genre and its definitional elements
McCloud as example - and potential tools for analysis relevant to the first assignment