2. The Endocrine System 8
Lesson 8.1: Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Lesson 8.2: Major Endocrine Organs Lesson 8.3: Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

3. Functions and Control of the Endocrine System
Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.1
Functions and Control of the Endocrine System

4. Do Now Grab your folders.
Begin working on your “Learning the Key Terms” worksheet.
Chapter 8 Lesson 1 begins on page 268.
You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are finished.

5. Today’s Objectives
Explain how the endocrine and nervous systems work together to regulate bodily functions.
Describe the basic anatomy of the endocrine system.
Describe the functions of hormones, and explain how hormones move through the body.
Identify the two classifications of hormones.
Explain how hormones help maintain homeostasis.

6. What We’re Covering Today:
Functions and Control of the Endocrine System
anatomy of the endocrine system
The endocrine system controls and monitors organs, glands, and processes in the body.
The endocrine system uses hormones that first collect information and then stimulate organs, glands, and tissues.
hormones
hormone secretion control

7. Anatomy of the Endocrine System
The endocrine system is a collection of organs and small glands that directly or indirectly influence all the functions of the body.
Endocrine glands
Endocrine glands are ductless glands
“Endo” – meaning within or in – so they secrete substances internally.
Hormones – chemical messengers
These hormones are secreted directly into bloodstream
Examples: hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, testes, and ovaries.

8. Exocrine glands
Gland that secrete externally
Secrete hormones through a duct that are carried to the body’s surface or to other organs.
Examples: sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, pancreas glands.

9. Hormones
Hormones are responsible for many different feelings and drives.
Think about when you are hungry or thirsty? What controls those feelings?
2 Classifications of Hormones
steroid hormones–lipid-based
amino acid hormones–protein-based
Most steroids are amino acid based

10. Hormone receptors
Hormones are transported throughout the body by the blood.
Hormones only affect the tissues and organs that have receptors specific to those particular hormones.
When the hormone binds with its receptor, the hormone is able to influence the activity of the cell.
Upregulated–increased
Example: Exercise upregulates insulin receptors to make them more sensitive to insulin.
Downregulated–decreased

11. Hormone Secretion Control
Endocrine glands are regulated in three different ways:
neural control
epinephrine
hormonal control
hypothalamic-releasing hormone
humoral control
glucagon

12. Neural Control
Nerve fibers stimulate the endocrine organs to release hormones.
Fight-or-Flight Response:
The Sympathetic Nervous System stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine.
These hormones prime the body to fight or flee from a stressful situation.

13. Hormonal control
Hormonal control of the endocrine glands and organs is achieved by a hierarchy, or chain of command.
Endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine organs, starting with the hypothalamus.

14. Example of Hormone Control
Think of the hypothalamus as the president of a company.
The pituitary gland is the vice president.
The other glands serve as managers.
As the president, the hypothalamus directs the activities of the pituitary gland (VP). The pituitary gland then releases its many hormones to direct the “managers”.
The hormones from the “managers” have an end goal to stimulate target tissues.
Once the goal is achieved, the hypothalamus (Pres) and the pituitary gland (VP) receive messages from the managers to turn off the release of hormones.

15. Hormone Secretion Control

16. Humoral Control
Achieved by monitoring the levels of various substances in body fluids, such as the blood.
If a homeostatic imbalance is detected, corrective actions are undertaken to help the body regain homeostasis.

17. Hormones and Homeostasis
Remember homeostasis is functional balance.
negative feedback
mechanism that reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range to restore homeostasis

18. The Hypothalamus
helps regulates body temperature

19. Review and Assessment True or False?
1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones.
2. Endocrine glands have ducts.
3. Steroid hormones are proteins.
4. Hormone receptors can only be upregulated.
5. Glucagon is under humoral control.

20. Major Endocrine Organs
Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.2
Major Endocrine Organs

21. Major Endocrine Organs

22. The Hypothalamus helps regulate metabolism heart rate energy level
body temperature
thirst

23. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

24. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
prolactin (PRO)
growth of mammary glands
milk production in a nursing mother
growth hormone (GH)
growth of bone and muscles

25. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland

26. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
in females
estrogen production
egg production
in males
sperm production
luteinizing hormone (LH)
ovulation
testosterone

27. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
antidiuretic hormone
acts on kidney, decreases urine output
oxytocin
acts on uterus, causes contractions
acts on breast, causes secretion of milk

28. Major Endocrine Glands
thyroid gland
thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3
controls rate of metabolism
calcitonin
removes calcium from blood, puts into bones
parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormone
removes calcium from bones, puts into blood

29. Major Endocrine Glands
thymus gland
thymosin
development of immune system
pineal gland
melatonin
produces sleepiness

30. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

31. Adrenal Glands adrenal medulla adrenal cortex
epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenaline rush
adrenal cortex
mineralocorticoids
aldosterone
sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys
glucocorticoids
cortisone and cortisol
promote gluconeogenesis
sex hormones
estrogen and androgens
maintains sexual characteristics

32. Adrenal Glands

33. Pancreas islets of Langerhans alpha cells beta cells glucagon
increase blood glucose level
beta cells
insulin
decrease blood glucose level

34. Gonads testes ovaries testosterone estrogen sperm production
secondary sexual characteristics
progesterone
menstrual cycle

35. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: ADH, thyroxine, thymosin, or adrenal cortex. 1. The thymus gland produces _______________. 2. The posterior pituitary gland produces oxytocin and _______________. 3. Mineralocorticoids are produced by the _______________. 4. T4 is also called _______________.

36. Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.3
Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

37. Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
pituitary disorders
thyroid disorders
disorders of the parathyroid gland
adrenal medulla disorders
disorders of the adrenal cortex
the pancreas and diabetes mellitus

38. Pituitary Disorders hyperfunction hypofunction
acromegaly, or gigantism
hypofunction
dwarfism
diabetes insipidus

39. Thyroid Disorders hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism goiter Graves disease
myxedema
neonatal hypothyroidism

40. Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
disorders of the parathyroid gland
hypercalcemia
hypocalcemia
adrenal medulla disorders
pheochromcytoma

41. Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
Cushing syndrome
hypersecretion of cortisol
Addison’s disease
hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones

42. The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus
symptoms of diabetes mellitus
polyuria
excessive urination
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyphagia
increased hunger

43. The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus
type I diabetes mellitus
juvenile-onset
type II diabetes mellitus
adult-onset
insulin resistance
hyperglycemia

44. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: dwarfism, Cushing syndrome, goiter, polyuria. 1. a result of pituitary hypofunction 2. excessive urination 3. hypersecretion of cortisol 4. a result of hyperthyroidism