1. FB Kh
Mrs. FB Kh
Pronunciation
Final « ed » Sounds

2. Today we are going to work on pronunciation.
In particular we are going to focus on words that end in “ed”.

3. « ed » marks the end of regular verbs in the past simple tense.
Although all simple past tense verbs end with an “ed”, they can have three different pronunciations.

4. zebra | snake (zzz | sss)
Why the Sound Changes
Place your fingertips on the front of your neck, and pronounce the following words. What do you feel on your fingers when you say the underlined sound?
vow | fake (vvv | fff)
zebra | snake (zzz | sss)
–> When we pronounce voiced sounds, our vocal chords vibrate when we say those sounds. /v/ /z/. Did you feel the vibration?
–> When we pronounce voiceless sounds, our vocal chords do not vibrate. /f/ /s/. No vibration.

5. This vibration or lack of vibration then carries forward to the following sound in the word. Therefore, this vibration or lack of vibration explains why we pronounce the past tense of verbs in three voiced or voiceless ways: /t/, /d/ or /id/.

6. The “ed” pronunciation is determined by the final sound of the verb in the infinitive: Is it a voiced consonant, an unvoiced consonant, or a vowel sound?

7. laugh – staff – kiss - dance
« ed » says /t/
/s/
stop - jump - cook - like
/k/
/k/
/p/
/p/
/k/
/p/
laugh – staff – kiss - dance
/f/
/f/
/s/
/s/

8. fix - fax – fish - crash
/ks/
/ks/
/∫/
/∫/
watch - march
/t∫/
/t∫/

9. Stopped - jumped - cooked - liked laughed – staffed – kissed - danced

10. fixed - faxed – fished - crashed
/t/
/t/
/t/
/t/
watched - marched
/t/
/t/

11. Verbs ending in voiceless sounds /p, k, θ, f, s,ks, ʃ, tʃ/ cause the “-ed” ending to be pronounced as the voiceless [t] (with no vocal chord vibration).

12. /p/ “He popped a balloon.” /papt/ /k/ “They talked a lot” /takt/
/θ/ “th”: “She frothed a cup of milk” /frawθt/
/f/ “I laughed at the movie.”/læft/
/s/ “She kissed a frog.” /kist/
/ʃ/ “sh”: “We brushed it off.” /bruʃt/
/tʃ/ “ch”: “I reached around for it.” /riytʃt/

13. « ed » says /d/
rob – sob – beg - bug
/b/
/b/
/g/
/g/

14. judge – page – call - fill roam – claim – rain - clean

15. declare – repair – save - believe close – gaze – breath - bang
/ð/
/ŋ/

16. delay – die – follow - enjoy
/ei/
/ai/
/əƱ/
/Ↄi/
study – agree - view
/u/
/i/
/i:/

17. robbed – sobbed– begged - bugged judged – paged – called- filled

18. roamed – claimed – rained - cleaned /d/ /d/ /d/ /d/
declared – repaired – saved - believed
/d/
/d/
/d/
/d/

19. closed – gazed – breathed - banged delayed– died – followed - enjoyed

20. studied– agreed - viewed

21. Verbs ending in the voiced sounds /b, g, ð, v, z, ʒ, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, r, l/ cause the “-ed” ending to be pronounced as a voiced /d/.

22. /b/ “It bobbed up and down.” /babd/
/g/ “He begged her to stay.” /bɛgd/
/ð/ “She breathed loudly.” /briyðd/
/v/ “They loved it.” /luvd/
/z/ “We raised her expectations.” /reyzd/
/dʒ/ “They bridged the gap.” /bridʒd/
/m/ “I claimed it was mine.” /kleymd/
/n/ “They banned new members.” /bænd/
/ŋ/ “She banged into the chair.” /bæŋd/
/r/ “He cleared it up.” /kliyrd/
/l/ “I rolled up the paper.” /rowld/

23. « ed » says /id/ need – load - decide count – visit - locate

24. needed – loaded - decided counted– visited - located

25. Verbs ending in the sounds /t/ or /d/ will cause the “-ed” ending of a verb to be pronounced as the syllable/ɪd/.
The most common mistake, and the most serious pronunciation problem, is always adding a second syllable for the “-ed” at the end of the past tense word.
A second syllable with the "-ed" ending is only necessary when the last sound (not the last letter) is a /t/ or /d/,

26. /t/ “I visited the Empire State Building.” /vizitid/
/t/ “She edited the research paper.” /ɛditid/
/d/ “We ended the game early.” /ɛndid/
/d/ “He breaded the chicken.” /brɛdid/