1. The Viking Age: Vocabulary Review
Core Knowledge
Grade 3
Domain 6
Lessons 1-8

2. Domain Introduction
“The Viking Age”: age means a period of time in history that has certain characteristics, or attributes.
The Viking age was a period of time in history marked by the exploration, trading, and raiding of the Viking warriors.

3. Word Work: Ferocious
“Vikings were famous as ferocious warriors who were feared by people because of their seaborne raids.”
Ferocious means fierce, brutal, or wild.
With a powerful slash of his sword, the courageous knight was able to take down the ferocious dragon.
What part of speech is ferocious?
Adjective
Have you ever seen or encountered something that was ferocious? What was it? Be sure to use the word ferocious when you tell about it.
Optional: draw a picture of a creature with features that would make it look ferocious. The creature may be real or fictional.

4. Glossary: Lesson 1
banished: v., sent away and not allowed to return to a place or country.
ferocious: adj., fierce, brutal, or wild
Fjords: n., long, narrow inlets of the sea located between steep cliffs
glaciers: n., large and slow- moving bodies of ice and snow that form around mountains and valleys
plundered: v., stolen or taken goods
raids: n., sudden attacks, often involving the stealing or taking of goods

5. Point of View
The way the author chooses to have the narrator tell the story is called point of view.
If Bjorn is telling his own story using pronouns like I, me, my, our, and mine, is the story written in the first-person or third-person point of view?
In this narration, the first-person narrator (Bjorn) is also a character.
From what point of view was The Wind in the Willows told?
From what point of view was the narrative of Samuel and Jack told in the Light and Sound domain?
In both of those narratives, the third person narrator was NOT a character in the story.

6. Theme: “Coming of Age”
This story involves Bjorn growing up as a young Norse boy. Some stories involve a theme called “coming of age” which means growing up. Growing up is not always an easy process, so coming of age stories may involve tough situations and sad emotions.
During the Viking Age, the expectations for what a girl and boy may do as part of growing up were different. Boys would travel on raids or become apprentices, farmers or fishermen, but girls would assume more responsibility in household chores. Both would have been expected to marry young, often by the age of thirteen.

7. Word Work: Reliable
“As the town’s master blacksmith, my father was valued and known for making beautiful, strong, reliable items out of metal, such as swords, jewelry, and keys.”
Reliable means dependable or trustworthy.
Georgia has always been a reliable person because she is always there for anyone who needs help.
What part of speech is reliable?
Adjective
Have you known someone who is reliable? Who was it? Be sure to use the word reliable when you tell about the person.
Making Choices: Reliable or Not Reliable?
a friend who is always a good listener
a clock that keeps perfect time
a doctor who is often late
the sun rising in the morning
a person who does not tell the truth
a very old car that is in need of repairs

8. Glossary: Lesson 2
anvil: n, a heavy iron block on which heated, softened metals are hammered into different shapes
counsel: n, advice and guidance
gruff: adj., harsh and low, rough
reliable: adj., trustworthy and dependable
treacherous: adj., very dangerous

9. Word Work: Imposing
“Despite our fear of night spirits, we loved to go there in the evening and watch the ocean waves as they lapped back and forth against the imposing longships.”
Imposing means impressive, grand, or magnificent.
During his visit to New York City, Jack could not help but stare in awe at the imposing Statue of Liberty that stood tall in the sky.
What part of speech is imposing?
adjective
Draw something that you think is imposing. Write a complete sentence or two about your picture. Be prepared to present your work to the class and explain why your illustration is imposing. Be sure to use the word imposing in your sentence.

10. Glossary: Lesson 3 earthen: adj., made of clay, dirt, or mud
imposing: adj., impressive; grand; magnificent
planks: n., thick wooden boards or strips
raucous: adj., wild, loud, and disorderly
unison: n., the act of doing something the same way at the same time

11. Essential Background Information
Notice the oars on the sides of the longship. The Vikings could row if needed when out to sea. This way, they did not have to rely solely on the wind filling the sail in order to move.
A large warship had about 40 oars. The biggest known warship had 50 or more oars.
Cargo ships had fewer oars and relied more on the sails to move.

12. Berserks were fierce Vikings who worked themselves up into a battle frenzy. The phrase going berserk, which means going crazy, comes from this age.

13. Word Work: Reluctantly
“Okay, but just for a few seconds, I said reluctantly.
Reluctantly means you do something in an unwilling and unenthusiastic way.
Talia reluctantly went to Trevor’s house to help him with math after her mother told her she should go
What part of speech is reluctantly?
adverb
If the action is done reluctantly, say, “That is done reluctantly.” If the action is not done reluctantly, say, “That is not done reluctantly.”
going shopping when you don’t want to
going to the movies for fun
eating food you think is disgusting
doing homework when you want to go outside instead
reading a book that you have always wanted to read

14. Glossary: Lesson 4 archers: n., people who shoot bows and arrows
maneuver: v., to move skillfully
reluctantly: adv., to do something in an unwilling and unenthusiastic manner
serpent: n., snake
valiant: adj., brave and courageous

15. Word Work: extracted
“She explained to me once that the color blue was extracted from the woad plant, the color red was extracted from madder, and yellow was extracted from weld.”
extracted means drawn or pulled out.
Using tweezers, my mom carefully extracted the splinter from my finger.
What part of speech is extracted?
verb
Have you ever extracted something like a splinter from your finger or a baby tooth from your mouth? What did you extract? (Be sure to use the word extracted when you tell about it.)
What are some synonyms, or words that have a similar meaning? Use the word in a complete sentence.
took out, removed, pulled out, etc.
What are some words or phrases that are antonyms, or opposites? Use the word in a complete sentence.
added, inserted, put in, filled, etc.

16. Glossary: Lesson 5
embers: noun, the glowing pieces left over from a dying fire
extracted: verb, pulled something out of something else
interrogate: verb, to question someone thoroughly
livestock: noun, animals that are used for farming and that can be used for food
population: noun, the total number of people living in an area
tunic: noun, a slip-on piece of clothing that is knee-length and is often belted at the waist

17. Word Work: sagas
“It was considered important that these sagas be handed down through the generations and never forgotten.”
Sagas are long stories that tell of historic and legendary events.
The Norsemen listened intently as Erik the Red told his saga of exploring Greenland.
What part of speech is sagas?
noun (plural)
Have you ever heard a saga before? Who told it? What was the saga about? (Be sure to use the word saga when you tell about it.)

18. Glossary: Lesson 6
flexibility: noun, capability of bending without breaking
foe: noun, an enemy or rival
intently: adverb, closely, carefully
sagas: noun, long stories that tell of historic and legendary events
weld: verb, to make two pieces of metal into one by heating them to high temperatures

19. Word Work: exclaimed
“We ate in silence until Kitta suddenly exclaimed, ‘I don’t know what to name my chicks! Would it be okay if I named one Bjorn and one Toli?’ she asked with a serious look on her face.”
Exclaimed means said something in a loud and excited manner.
When you want to express something loudly or excitedly, use an exclamation mark at the end of the sentence instead of a period.
When Mr. Chang finally realized the answer to the riddle, he exclaimed, “I got it!”
What part of speech is exclaimed?
verb (past tense)
What are some synonyms, or words that have a similar meaning as exclaimed?
shouted, cried out, called out, etc.
What are some words or phrases that are antonyms, or opposites, of exclaimed?
whispered, listened, hushed, etc.

20. Extensions: Sayings and Phrases “The Last Straw”
An idiom is an expression whose meaning goes beyond the literal meaning of its individual words.
Idioms have been passed down orally or quoted in literature and other printed text.
Idioms often use figurative language, meaning that what is stated is not literally taking place. It is important to help students understand the difference between literal meanings of the words and their implied or figurative meanings.
Have you ever heard someone say that something is the “last straw.”?
This idiom refers to the final incident in a string of difficult things that have happened, and the final incident is what causes a person to break down or give up.
This idiom comes from the proverb “It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back.” According to legend, a man put many pieces of straw onto a camel’s back until the “last straw” proved to be too much; the weight of the straws broke the camel’s back.
We know Bjorn has been sad about having to leave his family to go to Iceland. For example, when Bjorn makes his sword, his sweat streams down his face along with his tears. Bjorn’s grandfather making him a sheath for the sword is the last difficult thing that Bjorn thinks he can take; this act of kindness shows that his family loves him, and he does not want to leave his home.
Have you ever had an experience where the phrase “last straw” applies. Have you ever been through a series of difficult events where you finally lost your temper or started to cry
Listen for times where this phrase is appropriate as we continue listening to the story.

21. Glossary: Lesson 7 exclaimed: verb, cried out; yelled
indistinguishable: adjective, impossible to understand, perceive, or tell apart
lap: verb, to splash
mast: noun, an upright pole in a ship that supports a sail
sheath: noun, a covering for a sword or dagger

22. Word Work: enabled
“All of this enabled them to steer an accurate course across the ocean.”
Enabled means made something possible.
Being close to the sea and rivers enabled the Vikings to travel to new lands in their longships.
What part of speech is enabled?
verb (past tense)
What are some synonyms?
allowed, permitted, made possible, etc.
What are some antonyms?
blocked, prevented, stopped, etc.

23. Extensions: Sayings and Phrases “Ruled the Roost”
An idiom is an expression whose meaning goes beyond the literal meaning of its individual words.
Idioms have been passed down orally or quoted in literature and other printed text. Idioms often use figurative language, meaning that what is stated is not literally taking place.
You heard about one sailor whose knowledge of the ocean was invaluable and who “ruled the roost.” Have you ever heard anyone else say that they “rule the roost”?
What a is a roost?
A roost is a wooden bar or perch where a rooster and his hens can rest together.
Because the rooster is bigger and stronger than the hens, he reigns over the roost. This idiom, “rule the roost,” refers to a person who takes charge and bosses others around.
Who ruled the roost on the knarr?
The sailor who had journeyed to Iceland several times before ruled the roost.
Have ever had an experience where the phrase “rule the roost” applies?

24. Glossary: Lesson 8 accurate: adjective, correct
enabled: verb, made possible
invaluable: adjective, priceless; very useful
mingling: verb, moving about and interacting with a group; mixing with
tripod: noun, three-legged support or stand for a piece of equipment

25. Attribution
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