1. Late Middle Ages

2. Crusades
There were problems with the Church, so they started to reform
The Church became a kingdom with the pope becoming a king

3. Crusades Friars traveled from place to place preaching to the poor
Most famous friars were Franciscan Friars formed by St. Francis

4. Crusades During this time Gothic Cathedrals were being built
Gothic Cathedrals had stained glass windows, flying buttresses, and pointed arches

6. Crusades
Constantinople asked for help against the Muslims

7. Crusades
Pope Urban II issued a holy war or Crusade to take the Holy Land from the Muslims
Men came for many reasons
Kings sent away quarrelsome knights
2nd sons who could not inherit went
Anyone who died on the Crusade automatically went to Heaven

9. Crusades
There were 8 Crusades in total plus the Children's Crusade trying to take the Holy Land
The most famous was the 3rd Crusade where the Christians were led by Richard the Lion-Hearted, king of England and the Muslims were led by Saladin who retook Jerusalem

11. Crusades
Eventually the Crusaders would sack the Christian city of Constantinople
They would take the forgotten Roman knowledge from Constantinople and bring it back to the West

12. Crusades Effects of the Crusades Kings become stronger
Trade grows between Western Europe and Muslims and Asia
Growth of Italian City-states on the Mediterranean
Improvement of technology

13. Crusades
The Reconquista was driving Muslims out of Spain by the Christians under Ferdinand and Isabella
To consolidate their power, they started the Inquisition which was to kill or arrest anyone who went against Church teachings

14. Social New inventions helped peasants:
Harness that allows horses to do work
Three-field System allowed farmers to plant on 2/3 of their fields which increased food production

15. Social Most trade for peasants took place in a fair on certain days
Guilds, an association of people who worked at the same occupation, controlled trade
They control prices and wages, enforced a standard for quality for a fair price, and trained new members

16. Social To become a Guild member is the same as becoming a knight
At 9 or 10 a child was apprenticed to a master to learn a trade
After 10 years an apprentice would become a journeyman and could work for wages under masters
After a journeyman made an item that was considered a master’s piece, he would be elevated to master and welcomed into a guild
Masters were given their own place and area

17. Social
Money became more available during this time, but borrowing or loaning money (usury) was a sin
Jews became the world’s bankers during this time

18. Social
With trade expanding, many serfs ran away from the manor and lived in towns
Towns:
Developed haphazardly
Streets narrow and declined towards the center
Streets were filled with waste
No bathing because no clean water
Thatched roofs and wooden houses = fire hazard

20. Social 2 great writers during this time: Dante who wrote Divine Comedy
Geoffrey Chaucer who wrote Canterbury Tales
Both wrote in the vernacular or everyday language

21. Nation-States
In 1066, William the Conqueror from Normandy led his Normans to victory at the Battle of Hastings against Harold.
The Normans took control and united England starting its rise as a Nation-State

22. Nation-States
William’s heir Henry II took lands in France by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine
This led to fighting between England and France over land

23. Nation-States
Henry II’s son, King John, was so weak that he had to sign the Magna Carta in 1215
Magna Carta limited the government and stopped taxation without representation

24. Nation-States
King Edward I started England’s legislative body called Parliament to raise taxes

25. Nation-States
Hugh Capet took over Paris and started the Capetian Dynasty that made France a nation-state

26. Nation-States
Phillip II increased French lands

27. Nation-States
Philip IV created France’s legislative body called the Estates General
Estates General was made of 3 Estates
1st Estate is made up of the Church
2nd Estate is made up of nobles
3rd Estate is made up of commoners

28. Nation-States
A Philip IV also started the Great Schism where he made the cardinals elect a French pope and place him in Avignon
The cardinals then selected an Italian pope and placed him in Rome and another pope was in Pisa
In the end, all 3 popes were forced to resign and a council chose a new pope

29. Nation-States
Serfs were leaving manors for towns which hurt the feudal system, but the Bubonic Plague destroyed medieval society.
In 1347, the plague came to Italy and started to spread
In 4 years, it spread through Europe killing 25 million people

31. Nation-States
England’s King Edward III declared himself the new French king after the other king died.
France said no= Hundred Years War ( )
France versus England

32. Nation-States
In the Battle of Crecy, the English Longbow took down the mounted knight

33. Nation-States France was losing until Joan of Arc
Joan led the French to victory at Orleans which gave France hope
Joan was later captured and burned at the stake

34. Nation-States
France won the Hundred Years War and pushed the English out of France
The Hundred Years War led to a feeling of pride for one’s country instead pride for their lords.

35. Conclusion
Scholars say that the Hundred Years’ War ultimately contributed to the end of medieval Europe but I say it is a combination of the following:
1. Hundred Years’ War, 2. Crusades, 3. Bubonic plague, 4. Corruption of the Church, and last but not least, 5. Nationalism.