2. Module 6: NIR Measurement
NIR Safety Awareness
Module 6: NIR Measurement

3. Resources for NIR Instrumentation
IEEE C Measurements and Computations …100 kHz-300 GHz
IEEE C – 2010 Measurements and Computations …0 Hz to 100 kHz
Light Measurement Handbook (International Light)
Instrumentation Vendors

4. Considerations for NIR Measurements
What are you aiming to measure?
Define the potential exposure areas and population.
Define the work flow process
Select instrumentation to match field conditions
Frequency (wavelength), Power
Multiple Emitters?

5. Considerations for NIR Measurements II
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6. Static Field Considerations
Desired Instrument: 3-axis Hall Effect Gaussmeter
Single axis Hall Effect probe/instrument can be used
Probe Orientation critical (X, Y, and Z)
To calculate total field Use:
Btot = [(Bx)2 + (By)2 + (Bz)2] -1/2

7. Sub-Radiofrequency Considerations
Electric Field: Displacement Current Sensor
Measure current between two conductive plates
Sensor needs to be small compared to field to avoid shape effects
Sensor needs to be isolated from body (tripod, fiber-optic link)

8. Sub-Radiofrequency Considerations II
Magnetic Field:
Loop: Measurement of induced current
Directional
Sensitive
Hall Effect: Measurement of voltage in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field
Also directional, axial and transverse response
Not as sensitive as Loop

9. Radiofrequency Considerations
For Frequencies < 300 MHz, Both the E and H Fields Need to Be Measured
Two Major Types of Detectors:
Diode
Temperature sensitive
Response Issues in Pulsed or Multi-frequency Fields
Thermocouple
Potential for probe burnout, temperature sensitive

10. Ultraviolet Considerations
Detector
Sensitivity at UV Wavelengths
Linear, stable, and durable
Filter
Match the ACGIH TLV® Criteria
Input Optics
Uniform response to capture all light
Radiometer: Portable, Battery Operated

11. Static Field Measurements
F.W. Bell 5180
1 mG to 30 kG
DC to 25 kHz
Readout: Gauss, Tesla, or Amps/Meter
Choose axial or transverse probes

12. Static Magnetic Field Measurements

13. Sub-Radiofrequency Measurements
ETS-Lindgren HI-3604 ELF Survey Meter
30 – 2000 Hz
E: 1 V/m kV/m, B: 0.2 mG - 20 G 

14. Sub-Radiofrequency Measurements II
Narda STS: ELT-400
1 Hz to 400 kHz
B: 32 µT to 80 mT (Isotropic)
Direct Evaluation Against ICNIRP Standard

15. Magnetizer Measurements

16. Radiofrequency Measurement
Narda-STS NBM 550
Variety of Isotropic E and H Probes to cover 100 kHz to 60 GHz
Shaped Probes for FCC and ICNIRP Standards
Data Logging, Averaging, and GPS Capability

17. RF Personal Monitor Narda-STS: Nardalert S3
Personal Alert and Data Logging Functions
100 kHz to 50 GHz, Output as “% of Standard”
Can be used as a data monitoring array

18. UV Hazard Radiometer
International Light ILT 1400 w/SED 240 Probe and T2ACT5 Filter – Direct Reading of Effective Irradiance

19. NIR Survey Process Check instrumentation before and after survey.
Fields and Currents measured under typical exposure conditions.
Start from a calculated “safe” distance.
Utilize whole body averaging techniques when you have whole body exposures.
Remember minimum measurement distance

20. NIR Survey Process II
Extent of hazardous and potentially hazardous areas (both on and off site) Presence of Ionizing radiation.
Control techniques which will effectively reduce potential hazards.
Any other situations which might create a hazardous area (chemicals, noise, high voltage)

21. NIR Survey Process III Survey Report Document Should Include
Emitter Description, Use, and Parameters
Potentially exposed population description
Selection of standard criteria
Calculations
Map of survey Area
Instrument descriptions and calibration data
Summary of survey results and observations
Recommendations

22. Questions?

23. NIR Safety Program Use S&IH TS 3.4-170-07/IEEE C95.7TM-2014
We Have Gone Through Most of the Six Steps that outline the quick-start procedure for implementing a NIR Safety Program

24. Quick-Start Six Steps Why is a program needed?
What compliance criteria should be used?
What are the sources and potential population
Evaluate the potential exposure
Determine hazard category
Implement Controls as Needed

25. Implementing the Program
So far we have focused on Steps 1-5
Now we focus on Step 6, implementing controls and the overall NIR Safety Program
Program Components are Listed in Table 3 of C95.7

26. Safety Program Categories
Administrative
Identification of Hazards
Controls
Personal Protective Equipment
Training
Program Audit

27. Program Implementation: RF Heat Sealer Units
Several RF Heat Sealer Units are being transferred to your facility. UV curing units may be transferred as well.
Safety reports from the previous location indicate a history of RF burn incidents.
RF Measurement of 213 V/m is also indicated on a report.
Do we need a program?

28. Administrative Policy Document Safety Officer (Program Administrator)
Responsible for all aspects of program
Documentation/Recordkeeping
Employee Involvement
Measurement assistance, workflow practices
Safety Committee
Procurement control

29. Identification of Hazards
Complete an inventory of NIR hazards – as discussed in Module 4
Evaluate exposure – as discussed in Modules 5 and 6

30. Controls Engineering Controls Administrative Controls
Equipment configuration
Physical barriers
Administrative Controls
Signs (Follow IEEE C and ANSI Z )
Safe Work Practices
Lockout
Source control

31. Administrative Controls II
Time Averaging
Typically used in occupational environment where users have been trained/informed
Can be used with general public
Use of Personal or Area Monitors
Placement and appropriate use key to effective control

32. Personal Protective Equipment
Selection of PPE
Gloves, hood, insulated shoes, protective suits (RF)
Gloves, lab coat, eyewear (UV)
Maintenance of PPE
Inspect PPE for damage before use

33. Training Awareness Training Explanation of limits Mitigation controls
Medical devices and implants
Over-exposure response
Electro-explosive device considerations
Sources of additional information

34. Over-Exposure Response
Possible Symptoms: pain, reddening of skin, elevated body temperature, tissue burn, evidence of medical device malfunction
Seek Medical Attention and Inform Safety Officer
Incident Report should include exposure assessment/reconstruction
Document Incident and any remedial actions

35. Program Audit
Periodic (annual) reviews of the program to identify and resolve potential deficiencies
Periodic screening to ensure field conditions have not changed
Check on engineering controls

36. Questions?