1. Psychology’s Early History
In general terms, psychology is about understanding all the things that we do.
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2. Wilhelm Wundt is considered the father of modern psychology.
Cornell University 1891
University of
Toronto 1890
Clark University 1889
University of Wisconsin 1888
Harvard University 1892
Wellesley College 1891
Stanford University 1893
University of Iowa 1890
Yale University 1892
Brown University 1892
University of Michigan 1890
Columbia University 1890
Princeton University 1893
University of Nebraska 1889
University of Chicago 1893
University of Pennsylvania 1887
Trenton State College 1892
University of Illinois 1892
Indiana University 1887
Johns Hopkins University 1883
Randolf Macon Women’s College 1893
Catholic University 1891
University of Kansas 1889
Although psychology began in Europe, many research labs began to appear in North American colleges and universities.
Wilhelm Wundt is considered the father of modern psychology.
Many of the early American psychologists were his graduate students.
Founded by students of Williams James
Founded by students of G. Stanley Hall
Founded by students of Wilhelm Wundt
Founded by Others
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3. He founded what is considered to be the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879.
He used the technique known as introspection to probe the perceptual processes of his experimental subjects
He was a structualist.
Wundt is known as a voluntarist because he was interested in volitional behavior.
He founded what is considered to be the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879.
He used the technique known as introspection to probe the perceptual processes of his experimental subjects.
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4. Structuralism vs Functionalism
Analyze consciousness into basic elements
and study how they are related
Introspection - self-observation
of one’s own conscious experiences
Wilhelm Wundt
Functionalism
Investigate the function, or purpose
of consciousness rather than its structure
Leaned toward applied work
(natural surroundings)
William James
( )

5. VIDEO!!! Wundt vs. James 

6. Margaret Floy Washburn Leta Stetter Hollingworth
Mary Whiton Calkins founded an early psychology laboratory at Wellesley College and was the first woman president of the APA.
Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to earn a Ph. D in psychology and authored an influential book, The Animal Mind.
Leta Stetter Hollingworth did pioneering work on adolescent development and the fallacy of women’s inferiority.
Mary Whiton Calkins
Margaret Floy Washburn
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
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7. Sigmund Freud G. Stanley Hall Carl Jung
G. Stanley Hall was the first president of APA; his most significant contribution may have been to expose scholars in the US to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
Freud is world-famous for his psychoanalytic theory. His work helped to shape the field of clinical psychology.
Carl Jung was an adherent of Freud who eventually broke with him; he is most widely remembered for his theory of the collective unconscious.
Sigmund Freud
G. Stanley Hall
Carl Jung
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8. Free Will = Illusion
B.F. Skinner is arguably the most influential psychologist to date.
His work on operant conditioning revolutionized the behavioral movement.
He extended his theoretical work to humans and most notably argued against the notion that we have free will.
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9. Behavioral Perspective (1913 - Present)
John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Psychology does not provide us with a unitary understanding of the mind.
There are numerous viewpoints that compete and complement one another.
These perspectives have all grown from the work of early psychologists.
Behaviorists believed that only observable events can be studied scientifically, and studied the effects of environment on the overt behavior of humans and animals.
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10. Psychoanalytic Perspective (1900 - Present)
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Psychoanalysts study the unconscious determinants of behavior - they believe that unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders.
Sigmund Freud
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11. Humanistic Perspective (1950s - Present)
Abraham Maslow
Humanists believe that humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth - fundamentally different from animals.
Humanists study the unique aspects of human experience.
Carl Rogers
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12. Cognitive Perspective (1950s - Present)
Noam Chomsky
Herbert Simon
The cognitive perspective involves the study of thoughts and mental processes.
Cognitive theorists believe that human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, process, and store information.
Jean Piaget
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13. Biological Perspective (1950s - Present)
James Olds
Roger Sperry
David Hubel
Torsten Weisel
Advocates of the biological perspective believe that an organism’s functioning can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical process that underlie behavior.
They study the physiological bases of behavior in humans and animals.
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14. Evolutionary Perspective (1980s - Present)
David Buss
Martin Daly
Margo Wilson
Leda Cosmides
John Tooby
Evolutionary theorists study the evolutionary bases of behavior in humans and animals.
They believe that behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems, and that natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success.
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15. Flagship Articles with Keywords (%)16 14
Cognitive 12
Behavioral 10
Flagship Articles with Keywords (%) 8
Neuroscience 6 4 2
Psychoanalytic
Psychoanalysis developed before behaviorism and behaviorism developed before cognitive psychology.
The evidence provided on this graph suggests that behaviorism gave way in terms of quantity of published research several decades ago.
The graph may not be so helpful when determining psychoanalysis’ impact on the field because psychoanalysts are less likely to be scientists.
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Year
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16. 1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1920s
Gestalt pychology nears its peak influence.
1980s
Increased global interdependence and cultural diversity in Western societies spark surge of interest in how cultural factors mold behavior.
2000
Eric Kandel wins Nobel Prize (in physiology and medicine) for his research on the biochemistry of memory.
1890
William James publishes his
seminal work, The Principles
of Psychology.
1971
B. F. Skinner creates furor over radical behaviorism with his controversial book
Beyond Freedom and Dignity.
Roger Sperry’s split-brain research and work by David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel on how cortical cells respond to light help rejuvenate the biological perspective in psychology.
Rapid growth in clinical psychology begins in response to huge demand for clinical services created by World War II and its aftermath.
Early 1990s
Evolutionary psychology
emerges as a major new
theoretical perspective.
1881
Wilhelm Wundt establishes
first journal devoted to
research in psychology.
1951
Carl Rogers helps launch humanistic movement with publication of Client-Centered Therapy.
1904
Ivan Pavlov shows how
conditioned responses are
created, paving the way for
Stimulus response psychology.
1913
John B. Watson writes classic behaviorism manifesto, arguing that psychology should study only observable behavior.
1933
Sigmund Freud’s influence
continues to build as he
publishes New Introductory
Lectures on Psychoanalysis.
1875
First demonstration laboratories are set up independently by William James (at Harvard) and Wilhelm Wundt (at the University of Leipzig).
1981
Roger Sperry wins Nobel prize
(in physiology and medicine)
for split-brain studies.
1963
Stanley Milgram conducts
controversial study of obedience to authority,
which may be the most
famous single study in
psychology’s history.
1892
G. Stanley Hall founds American Psychological Association.
1883
G. Stanley Hall establishes
America’s first research
laboratory in psychology at
Johns Hopkins University.
1953
B. F. Skinner publishes his influential Science and Human
Behavior, advocating radical
behaviorism similar to Watson’s.
1947
Kenneth and Mamie Clark publish work on prejudice that is cited in landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation.
1974
Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin publish their landmark review of research on gender differences, which galvanizes research in this area.
1990s
The repressed memories
controversy stimulates
influential research by
Elizabeth Loftus and others
on the malleability and
fallibility of human memory.
1905
Alfred Binet develops first successful intelligence test in France.
2002
Daniel Kahneman wins Nobel Prize (in economics) for his research on decision making.
1914
Leta Hollingworth publishes pioneering work on the psychology of women.
1908
Margaret Washburn publishes The Animal Mind, which serves as an impetus for behaviorism.
1879
Wilhelm Wundt establishes first research laboratory in psychology at Leipzig, Germany.
1956
The cognitive revolution is launched at watershed conference where Herbert Simon, George Miller, and Noam Chomsky report three major advances in just one day.
1988
Research psychologists form
American Psychological Society
(APS) to serve as an advocate for the science of psychology.
1916
Lewis Terman publishes Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, which becomes the world’s foremost intelligence test.
1950
Erik Erikson writes Childhood and Society in which he extends Freud’s theory of Development across the life span.
1954
Abraham Maslow’s Motivation and Personality helps fuel humanistic movement.
1978
Herbert Simon wins Nobel
prize (in economics) for
research on cognition.
1909
Sigmund Freud’s increasing influence receives formal recognition as G. S. Hall invites Freud to give lectures at Clark University.
Widespread intelligence
testing is begun by military
during World War I.
Late 1990s
Martin Seligman launches the positive psychology movement.
Many individuals have made contributions to the history of psychology.
Psychology grew out of a number of related disciplines like philosophy, medicine, physics, physiology, etc.
The work of the individuals on this overview helped to consolidate psychology into its own field.
Many of these names are very familiar to those who work in this field.
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17. APA Membership (thousands)10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
APA Membership (thousands)
APA membership has grown substantially since the end of World War II, a testament to its popularity.
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1920
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2000
Year
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18. 4.2% Elementary and Secondary Schools
6.3% Business and Government
8.5% Other
19.4% Hospitals and Clinics
28.0% Colleges and Universities
The most common setting for psychologists is in private practice. These are obviously clinical or counseling psychologists. Hospitals and clinics are also a common setting for these psychologists.
The academic setting is also a common locale for psychologists.
33.6%
Private Practice
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19. 9.5% Physiological 10.3% Other 8.2% Experimental 10.6% Health
6.7% Cognitive
13.7%
Educational
3.8% Psychometrics
16.1%
Social
3.0% Personality
19.3%
Developmental
Psychology has many subdisciplines. Research is performed in each of them. This chart lists the major areas for research in modern psychology.
Clinical psychologists are concerned with the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders, as well as treatment of less severe behavioral and emotional problems.
Counseling psychology overlaps with clinical psychology in that specialists in both areas engage in similar activities - however, counseling psychologists usually work with a somewhat different clientele, providing assistance to people struggling with everyday problems of moderate severity.
Educational psychologists work to improve curriculum design, achievement testing, teacher training, and other aspects of the educational process.
Industrial and organizational psychologists perform a wide variety of tasks in the world of business and industry.
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20. 0.9% Clinical Neuropsychology
0.5% Forensic
0.6% Other
0.9% Clinical Neuropsychology
5.2%
School
6.1% Industrial/Organizational
14.7%
Counseling
This graphic, much like 11 shows how many clinical psychologists are employed in the industrialized world.
This mirrors the strong demand that is seen for slots in graduate programs in clinical psychology.
Clinical psychology programs, excepting veterinary school, is the most difficult graduate program to gain admittance to.
72.1%
Clinical
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21. 1 Psychology is Empirical
2 Psychology is Theoretically Diverse
3 Psychology Evolves in a Sociohistorical Context
These are the themes that relate to psychology as a field of study.
Empiricism is the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.
2. A theory is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations. The conclusions in psychology are based on direct observation.
3. Trends, issues, and values in society influence psychology’s evolution - putting psychology in both a social and historical context.
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22. 4 Behavior is Determined by Multiple Causes
5 Behavior is Shaped by Cultural Heritage
6 Heredity and Environment Jointly Influence Behavior
These themes relate to psychology’s subject matter.
4. Psychology shows that there are multiple causes of behaviors.
5. Culture - widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, and other products of a community - is also a determinant of human behavior.
6. Heredity and environment - or nature and nurture - are both important and have complex connections to human behavior.
7. Motives and expectations color our experience, which can make perception a subjective experience
7 People’s Experience of the World is Highly Subjective
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23. Time management is crucial to success in college.
Many students today work while they attend college.
This can be detrimental since many study hours are lost to jobs which pay very little.
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24. Performance of Students10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
Successful Students
Unsuccessful Students
Performance of Students
This graphic shows the strong positive correlation between classroom attendance and grade performance.
Though most instructors do not take attendance, this detail is crucial to a student’s success.
Students must manage this on their own quite often.
Always or Almost Always in Class
Sometimes Absent
Often Absent
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25. 55.2% Hurts Test Score 57.8% Wrong to Right 15.5% Improves Test Score
19.0%
Don’t Know
22.0%
Wrong to Wrong
10.3%
No Change
20.2%
Right to Wrong
This is an interesting graphic display because the results depicted here are counterintuitive.
Most instructors, and to a lesser extent students, believe that switching an answer on an exam is most often going to lead to a mistake.
This study cited however showed that just the opposite is true. Most times when students switch an answer on an exam it leads to a correct answer.
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