1. [ 5.4 ] The President's Foreign Affairs Powers
Learning Objectives
Explain how treaties are negotiated by the President, approved by the Senate, and ratified by the President under the system of checks and balances.
Explain why and how executive agreements are made.
Summarize how the power of recognition is used by the President.
Describe the President's constitutional powers as commander in chief.

2. [ 5.4 ] The President's Foreign Affairs Powers
Key Terms
treaty
John Tyler
William McKinley
executive agreement
recognition
persona non grata

3. [ 5.4 ] The President's Foreign Affairs Powers

4. The President's Diplomatic Powers
In a 1961 radio broadcast, John F. Kennedy described the pressures of the presidency this way: 'When I ran for the presidency I knew the country faced serious challenges, but I could not realize—nor could any man who does not bear the burdens of this office—how heavy and constant would be those burdens.'

5. The President's Diplomatic Powers
The Power to Make Treaties
Checks and Balances: Treaties and the Senate
Executive Agreements
The Power of Recognition

6. The Power to Make Treaties
A treaty is a formal agreement between two or more sovereign states.
The President, usually through the secretary of state, negotiates these international agreements.
All treaties must pass approval by a two thirds of the members present vote in the Senate.
Is there a way around the 2/3 requirement?

7. Executive Agreements
An executive agreement is a pact between the President and the head of a foreign state, or a subordinate.
Unlike treaties, executive agreements do not require Senate consent.
Much like executive orders, exec. Agreements last only as long as the president is in office.

8. The President's Diplomatic Powers
President Tyler used a joint resolution rather than a treaty to annex Texas in Check Understanding How did this strategy improve the chances of achieving annexation?

9. The Power of Recognition
The Constitution states that the President “shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers.” This, in effect, grants the President the unilateral power to recognize foreign governments without consulting the Congress. Presidents since Washington have used this prerogative. Among the more notable presidential acts of recognition were Washington's recognition of the French Republic, T. Roosevelt’s recognition of Panama and Truman's prompt recognition of the State of Israel
The President may show American displeasure with the conduct of another country by asking for the recall of that nation’s ambassador or other diplomatic representatives in this country.
The official is declared to be persona non grata, or an unwelcome person.
“The U.S. State Department on Tuesday took the dramatic step of expelling Zuheir Jabbour, charge d'affaires at the Syrian embassy in Washington, in response to last week's of at least 108 people in the Syrian town of Houla. Jabbour.” 5/30/2012 NPR

10. Commander in Chief
The President commands one of the largest armed forces in the world, consisting of more than 2 million active-duty and reserve personnel, with access to some 300 ships and 14,000 aircraft.
The Constitution makes the chief executive the commander in chief of the nation’s armed forces (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1), although Congress does have extensive war powers. However, the President dominates the field of military policy. In fact, the President’s powers as commander in chief have often been the source of conflict between the legislative and executive branches.

11. Make War vs. Declare War? Commander in Chief Making Undeclared War
Congressional Resolutions to Balance Executive Power
Other Uses of Military Power
Limiting Presidential War Powers
Make War vs. Declare War?

12. Commander in Chief
All of the conflicts shown on this map took place without a congressional declaration of war. Analyze Maps Why does military power sometimes shift from Congress to the President?

13. Commander in Chief
The Constitution makes the President the commander in chief of the nation’s armed forces.
Making Undeclared War
Many Presidents have used the armed forces abroad without a declaration of war. Remember the N. Korean “Police Action.”
Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary History Review 101
Wartime Powers
The President’s powers as commander in chief are far greater during a war than they are in normal times. Korematsu,
The War Powers Resolution
The War Powers Resolution of 1973 attempts to limit the President’s war-making powers.

14. Commander in Chief
The Constitution makes the President the commander in chief of the nation’s armed forces.
The War Powers Resolution

15. Quiz: The President's Diplomatic Powers
What is one way that executive agreements differ from treaties?
A. A treaty is negotiated by the President; an executive agreement is negotiated by a senator.
B. Executive agreements remain in force from one presidential administration to another, while treaties do not.
C. A treaty requires approval by two thirds of the Senate, but an executive agreement does not.
D. The Senate ratifies all treaties, but ratifies only those executive orders that are being carried over from the previous administration.

16. Quiz: Commander in Chief
What statement best describes why Congress enacted the War Powers Resolution of 1973?
A. President Nixon asked Congress to declare war against Vietnam.
B. Congress wanted to grant the President unrestricted authority to send troops abroad.
C. The continued conflict in Vietnam required Congress to authorize funding for the military.
D. Congress wanted to limit the President's ability to commit troops to an undeclared war.