1. NG Biology Standard 4B: Ecology & Ecological Issues
Week 1
Ms. Darlak

2. Warm-up 5/21
In our mark-recapture activity what would happen if….
Marked Beans liked being handled so they were jumping in your hand to be captured? Trap happy.
Will this cause an Overestimate or an Underestimate population?
Marked Beans DON’T liked being handled so they were jumping out your hand to be captured? Trap shy.
Estimate = ( 100 ) X ( 10 ) =
(5)
200
Estimate = ( 100 ) X ( 10 ) =
(10)
100
Estimate = ( 100 ) X ( 10 ) =
(5)
200
Estimate = ( 100 ) X ( 10 ) =
(2)
500

3. Agenda 05/21 HW Check: pp. 6-11 Random Sampling Activity
Population Graph Practice pp. 7-14

4. K Population Growth p.7 67 rabbits
What is the rabbit population’s carrying capacity? ________
b) The population of rabbits between mid-May and mid- June is growing as fast as: (circle one)
a turtle walking (super slow.)
a student running late to class (fast!)
you walking to class (slow.)
Ms. Darlak running away from a mountain lion (super fast!)
c) What about the graph led you to circle the answer you chose in letter b?
67 rabbits K

5. Carrying Capacity p.9 DECREASES
As the number of lynx increases, the number of snowshoe hares: _____________.
What is the scientific explanation for these results?
DECREASES

6. Situation density-dependent emigration Dependent Independent Dependent
Density-independent, or dependent?
Limiting Factor:
Ms. Darlak has 32 students assigned to her Biology class, but she only has room for 28. Because the room is so crowded, the extra 4 students leave the room to go to Counseling and have their schedules changed.
density-dependent
emigration
Northern pike (it’s a fish) feed on another fish, the yellow perch. An increase in the yellow perch population causes an increase in the northern pike population.
The BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has harmed many aquatic organisms that live in the Gulf region.
A new strain of influenza (the flu) breaks out in New York City.
A population of rabbits and a population of deer are both feeding off the same plants in the same habitat.
Hurricane Katrina forced thousands of people to leave New Orleans.
65 million years ago, a large asteroid collided with the Earth. As a result, large amounts of ash were ejected into Earth’s atmosphere.
Due to humans putting increasing amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and cutting down trees that would normally take up some of those gases, the Earth slowly gets warmer and changes climates around the globe.
Dependent
Predation
Human Impact
Independent
Dependent
Disease
Dependent
Competition
Independent
Weather
Natural Disaster
Independent
Human Impact
Independent

7. Carrying Capacity p.11 J Short S Long exponential logistic
growth curve
shows unlimited, unchecked growth
growth limited by extrinsic or intrinsic factors
shape of curve
(S or J)
shows carrying capacity for a population.
typical of short term or long term growth
exponential
logistic J
Short S
Long

8. Carrying Capacity p.11
 a. a strep bacterium invades your throat and reproduces for 4 hours exponential logistic
b. the flea population on a rat is monitored for 5 weeks with flea powder added exponential logistic
 c. loggerhead turtle populations are tracked for 10 years in the Atlantic exponential logistic
 d. a lucky yeast cell falls into your glass of grape juice and reproduces for 3 hours exponential logistic
 e. bull frog population in a local pond is monitored for 5 seasons exponential logistic

9. Population Density p.3
Population density is a measurement of the number of individuals living in a defined space.

10. Dispersion Pattern p.3
Population dispersion refers to how a population is spread in an area.
There are three types of dispersion illustrated on the next slides:

11. Uniform
Evenly spaced

12. Clumped
clustered together, creating patches with many individuals and some patches with no individuals

13. Random
 individuals are arranged without any apparent pattern

14. Estimating Population Size Random Sampling
What if your population doesn’t move?
Do you need to use Mark/Recapture?
Then, you can estimate population by random sampling.

15. Random Sampling p.15 - 17 Perform 2xs Uniform Population = 228
First with grid on p.17
Second with Clumped grid (hand out)
Uniform Population = 228
Clumped = 119

16. Class/Homework Random Sampling Activity p. 15-17
Population Graph Practice pp

17. Warm-up 05/22 9 8 Using the random sampling method.
Estimate the population of trees found in this 1 km2 area? 9 8
Average # trees/plot =
= 43/5 = 8.6
Estimate = average # multiplied by number of plots
8.6 X 25 = 215

18. Agenda 05/22

19. Population Ecology – Graph 1 p.13
In what generation does this population reach its’ carrying capacity?
24-25 generations

20. Population Ecology – Graph 2 p.13
Limiting Factor
Removal of Limiting Factor, leads to Overshoot
Overshoot = magnifies density dependent limiting factors

21. Overshoot and Dieback

22. Population Ecology – Graph 3 p.13
P. caudatum decreasing
P. aurelia outcompetes
K is higher when bacteria grown alone.
Day 12 – P. auelia reaches K

23. Population Ecology – Graph 4 p.14
Moose Population greatest at 2500 in 1995
Wolf population depends on Moose
Canine parvovirus

24. What is the Carrying capacity of Deer
What is the Carrying capacity of Deer? Give an example of a density-dependent and density independent factor controlling the deer population.

25. Population Ecology

26. More Realistic Curve K1 K2

27. Warm-up 05/18
If a Habitat is the Home and a Niche is the Job, What is the Habitat of the Ants? (Circle) What is the niche of ants? (Underline)

28. Habitat vs Niche Lets see what Reginald the Red Wolf has to say.

29. What is the niche?
set of conditions within which an organism can maintain a viable population multi-dimensional with as many dimensions as their are limiting conditions
ecological
niche
light intensity
okay
temperature
salinity

30. Physical Niche: depends on physical (abiotic) conditions, general niche. Niche without competition.
Realized niche depends on biotic as well as abiotic conditions. Niche because of competition.

31. Chthamalus fundamental niche
Physical Niche
What, when, why……..…. without competition.
Balanus alone
Balanus
fundamental
niche
growth
rate
Chthamalus alone
Chthamalus fundamental niche
low
middle
high
Location in intertidal zone

32. Chthamalus realized niche
Realized niche is with biotic (competition and predation) and abiotic recourses.
Balanus
and
Chthamalus
growth
rate
Balanus
realized
niche
Chthamalus realized niche
low
middle
high
Location in intertidal zone

33. Agenda 05/18 Intro to Ecology 4B Symbiotic Relationships p. 5
Use your Testbooks!
Density Dependent or Independent Limiting Factors?

34. Symbiotic Relationships p.5 “living together”
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Predation
Competition

35. Commensalism +/0 relatively unaffected
Commensalism means "at table together".
One organism consumes the unused food of another.
Some examples:
The remora and the shark.
Some species of barnacles
Many of the bacteria living in our large intestine.
Epiphytes

36. Mutualism +/+ Both benefit
Relationships in which each species benefits.
Examples:
Pollinators and Flowers
Clownfish and Anemone
Lichen - fungus & algae

37. Parasitism +/- one gains, other loses
One organism gains at the expense of another
Examples:
Tapeworm
Mosquitoes
Parasitoid wasps

38. Predation +/-
Interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey, the organism that is attacked

39. Competition +/- , -/+
Interaction between two or more organisms, or groups of organisms, that use a common resource in short supply.
There can be competition between members of the same species and competition between members of different species
Examples:
Lions and Hyenas

40. Intraspecific vs Interspecific
competition within the same species.
Owls competing among themselves for the same food source
competition between two or more different species.
Owls and hawks competing against each other for the same food source

41. Warm-up 05/19
What type of symbiotic relationship do you have with your parents?
mutualism, parasitism, commensalism, competition, predation
Explain why?

42. Fresh 9:36 Review Symbiotic Relationships
Agenda 05/19
Review Symbiotic Relationships
Homework Check pp. 5-6
Limiting Factors & Population Growth
Homework pp. 7-11
Fresh 9:36

43. What type of Relationship?
Mutualism

44. What type of Relationship?
Epiphyte Plant
Commensalism

45. What type of Relationship?
Parasitism

46. What type of Relationship?
Predation

47. What type of Relationship?
Mutualism

48. What type of Relationship?
Commensalism

49. What type of Relationship?
Parasitism

51. Each population has a density, a dispersion pattern, and a reproductive strategy.

52. Populations grow in predictable patterns.

53. A limiting factor is something that keeps the size of a population down.
Limiting factors can depend on the density of individuals in the population or not.

54. Density-dependent limiting factors p.4
are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. (BIOTIC)
Predation
Competition
Parasitism and disease

55. Density-independent limiting factors p.4
limit a population’s growth regardless of the density. (ABIOTIC)
unusual weather
natural disasters
human activities

56. Density Dependent or Independent?
Rainbow smelt and yellow perch attempt to occupy the same area. The more aggressive smelt survive; the perch do not.
DD - competition between species only occurs at certain densities

57. The size of a population is always changing.
Population Growth
The size of a population is always changing.
Four factors affect the size of a population:
Births
Deaths
Immigration
(Moving into an area)
Emigration
(Moving out of an area)

58. Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support. (K)
This is due to limited resources (food, shelter, space)

59. A population crash is a dramatic decline in the size of a population over a short period of time.

60. Growth Curves Logistic Carrying Capacity p.3 Growth limited by factor
S-shaped
Shows Carrying Capacity
Shows long term growth

61. Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources.

62. Exponential Growth Curves p.3 Unlimited growth J-shaped
No limits to growth
Short term growth

63. Exponential growth is a rapid population increase due to an abundance (lots of) of resources.

64. Class/Homework RTFD Limiting Factors and Population Growth p.7-11
Carrying Capacity p.12

65. Warm-up 02/23
List 2 different symbiotic relationships and give an example of each.

66. Warm-up 05/20 Density Dependent or Independent?
Many fish die due to an increase in water temperature.
Abiotic = Density Independent - temperature affects all population densities
A population is growing quickly when parasites cause disease to spread quickly.
Biotic = Density Dependent - parasitism only affects certain population densities

67. Agenda 5/20 Review of Limiting Factors Carrying Capacity p. 11
Mark Recapture Activity pp.13-15
HW:
Limiting Factors & Carrying Capacity pp. 6-10

68. Summary of Limiting Factors
Density Dependent (K = carrying capacity)
A factor whose effects on the size or growth of population vary with the population density.
Biotic factors
Food, Predators, Parasites, Disease, Competition
Density Independent
A factor that affects the size of a population independent or regardless of the population density.
Abiotic factors
Air, water, temperature, weather.

69. Carrying Capacity (K)
Ecosystems can only support a specific amount of individuals of each population.
They are limited by resources.
Water
Space
Food
Habitat

70. Carrying Capacity & Growth Curves p.11
Which is logistic? Which is exponential?
Which has no limiting factors?

71. Estimating Population Size Mark/Recapture

72. Estimating Population Size
Rabbit Population Example
# Marked = 10

73. Number Recaptured with mark
Trial Number
Number Captured
Number Recaptured with mark 1  4 2 5 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
Total: 37

74. Estimating Population Size
# Marked =
Estimate = ( ) X ( 10 ) =
( )
Actual Rabbit Population Size = 10 37
41.1 9 45

75. Estimating Population Size Mark/Recapture

76. Class/Homework Mark Recapture pp. 13-15 HW-
Limiting Factors and Carrying Capacity pp. 6-10
Carrying Capacity p.11