1. Lecture 1, Thermodynamic Properties
BASIC THERMODYNAMIC
Lecture 1,
Thermodynamic Properties

2. Thermodynamic Properties of a system
Intro…
Thermodynamic Properties of a system
Temperature
Pressure
Volume & specific volume
Mass & Weight
Density
Specific gravity
Humidity; Absolute & Relative humidity
Intensive and Extensive Properties

3. Hold on a minute…! What is a thermodynamic system?
System is whatever we want to study, subject of the analysis.
Closed system
Closed system always contains the same amount of matter.
System
Control volume
Mass may cross the boundary of the control volume.

4. Temperature

5. TEMPERATURE
Definition :
The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity).
Is a measure of the average heat or thermal energy of the particles in a substance

6. TEMPERATURE Temperature is a measure of…
The total amount of (thermal) energy in an object
How much heat an object gives off
How fast the molecules in an object are moving

7. TEMPERATURE
DEFINITION
Is a measure of the average energy of motion,
or Kinetic Energy , of particles in matter
E = ½ . m. V2

8. for measuring temperature
HOW DO WE MEASURE TEMPERATURE?
THERMOMETER
Instrument or device
for measuring temperature

9. TEMPERATURE TYPES of THERMOMETER Liquid-in-glass thermometer
The property measured is the length of the liquid column inside a glass tube. (Hg, alcohol ether)
Thermocouple
sense temperature by voltage difference generated by conductors subjected to thermal difference.

10. TEMPERATURE Platinum resistance thermometer
The property measured is the electrical resistance of a piece of sensing' material.
Pyrometer (radiation thermometer)
non-contact device that estimate temperature based on material’s thermal radiation.

11. TEMPERATURE CELCIUS (centigrade)   C TEMPERATURE SCALE
Boiling water temp.  100 C
Melting ice temp.  0 C

12. FAHRENHEIT   F Boiling water temp.  212 F
Melting ice temp.  32 F

13. Correlation between degree C & degree F
100
0 C or
32 F
C or
212 F
C  (100 – 0) /100
F  ( ) /100

14. Correlation between degree C & degree F
℉= 𝟗 𝟓 ∙℃ +𝟑𝟐
℃= 𝟓 𝟗 ∙ ℉−𝟑𝟐

15. ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE SCALE
THE CONCEPT OF ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE
ABSOLUTE ZERO
Temperature where all molecular motion would cease and no additional heat could be extracted from the substance
ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE SCALE
Kelvin  K
Rankine  °R

16. TEMPERATURE Temperature Scale Absolute Temp. scale Celcius  C
Kelvin  K
Fahrenheit  F
Rankine  R

17. K = C + 273.15 TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE SCALE  C & K Kelvin Celcius
373 100 
K = C
273   0 
0  - 273

18. TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE SCALE  F & R Note: 459.67  460 Rankine
Fahrenheit
Note:  460
672 212 
460  32 
0  

19. TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE SCALE  K & R Note: 459.67  460 Kelvin
Rankine
Note:  460
373   672 
273  460 
0   0

20. ? ? TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE  exercised So, C  K & F K  C & F
F  C & K
R  F & K ? ?
What temperature is that
the C and F have the same value

21. ? TEMPERATURE  exercised PLEASE CONVERT: 25 C  K & F & R
300 K  C & F & R
410 F  C & K & R
600 R  F & K & C ?

22. Pressure

23. What is Pressure? F P = A Pressure is the measurement of
a force exerted on a given area
F [lb]
A [in2]
P [psi]
F [N]
A [m2]
Pascal (Pa)
Units 
Others Units 
Atm; mbar; mmHg

24. Pabs Pgauge P unit in [psia] means P unit in [psig] means Pgauge Pvc
Alt.
Pgauge
Pabs
Sea Level, P = 14.7 psi
Pvc
Patm
Patm
Pabs
Absolute
Datum
Pabs = 0

25. Pabs Pgauge P unit in [psia] means P unit in [psig] means Pgauge Pabs
Alt.
Pgauge
Pabs
Sea Level, P = 14.7 psi
Patm
Absolute
Datum
Pabs = 0

26. Volume &
Specific volume

27. Volume & Specific Volume
V  spaces takes up by a three-dimensional object
The specific volume (v) of a substance is
The total volume (V) of that substance divided by the total mass (m) of that substance V
v = m
v = specific volume (ft3/lbm), (m3/kg)
V = volume (ft3), (m3)
m = mass (lbm), (kg)
 =
? ( dalam v)
Try to Derive!
So,

28. Mass & Weight

29. Mass & Weight Definition Mass (m),
Defined as amount of matter in a body (regardless of its volume or of any forces acting on it). The unit of mass is [kg] or [lbs].
Weight (W)),
The name given to the force on an object due to gravity.
The unit of weight is [N] or [lbf].

30. In aircraft, the term mass and weight often mixed up..!!!
Mass & Weight
Relation:
W = weight
m = mass
g = gravity accel.
= 9.81 m/s2
be Careful....
In aircraft, the term mass and weight often mixed up..!!!

31. Density &
Specific Gravity

32. Density & Specific Gravity
 , is mass per unit volume
Measure of how tightly matter is crammed together
ρ =    
m     V
where
ρ = density (kg/m3)
m = mass (kg)
V = volume (m3)
Specific Gravity or Relative Density
The ratio of the density of substance to the density of water at 4oC

33. Humidity

34. Humidity & Relative humidity
The amount of water vapor in the air.
The relative humidity
The amount of water vapor in the air (at a specific temperature) compared to the maximum amount of water vapor air could hold at that temperature, and is given as a percentage value.

35. Humidity & Relative humidity
As the temperature decreases, the amount of moisture in the air doesn't change, but the relative humidity goes up (since the maximum amount of moisture that cooler air can hold is smaller).

36. Humidity & Relative humidity
Exercise:
If the actual water vapor content of the air is 10 grams per cubic meter and the water vapor capacity (saturated) is 20 grams per cubic meter, what is the relative humidity of that air?

37. Other Properties

38. Intensive & extensive properties
Intensive property
Physical quantity whose value does not depend on the amount of the substance for which it is measured (mass, m)
Extensive property
Physical quantity whose value is proportional to the size of the system it describes