1. The Last Frontier on Earth...
The Ocean...
Academic

2. This is part of your NOTES for the conference material.
Warm up…
Please read and complete the “Introduction: Ocean System” article and respond to the questions.
This is part of your NOTES for the conference material.

3. Life living things that reside there
What is Oceanography?
The study of everything about Earth's oceans and seas
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Origin
Geology
Life living things that reside there

4. Geographical Features: Bodies of Water. 100% Educational Videos. 2000
Geographical Features: Bodies of Water. 100% Educational Videos unitedstreaming. 2 March 2006 <

5. An ocean is…
Large body of saltwater
Closely linked with atmosphere
An important factor in climate

6. A sea is…
A large body of water
Sometimes a part or area of the ocean
Usually surrounded by land

8. Pacific Atlantic Indian Arctic Southern
71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water
*Northern hemisphere is 61% ocean
*Southern hemisphere is 80% ocean
Pacific
Atlantic
Indian
Arctic
Southern

9. Southern end of the South Sandwich Trench, 23,736 ft deep
Ocean
Area (sq. miles)
Average Depth (ft)
Deepest depth (ft)
Pacific
64,186,000
15,215
Mariana Trench, 36,200 ft deep
Atlantic
33,420,000
12,881
Puerto Rico Trench, 28,231 ft deep
Indian
28,350,000
13,002
Java Trench, 25,344 ft deep
Southern
7,848,300
13, ,400
Southern end of the South Sandwich Trench, 23,736 ft deep
Arctic
5,106,000
3,953
Eurasia Basin, 17,881 ft deep

10. Maybe graph the ocean volumes for a warm up/exit ticket?

11. Ocean Formation
Work with a partner to come up with a theory for how the oceans formed on Earth. Describe your hypothesis.

12. Was your theory correct?
Watch to review!

13. The "degassing" of the Earth...
How did the oceans form?
The "degassing" of the Earth...
As Earth cooled, volcanic gases were released
Around 4 billion years ago, Earth cooled enough so that water vapor condensed and fell as rain
Rain collected in
lowest places on Earth
Oceans formed

14. Then…Collisions of planetesimals and cometesimals
Small dust particles were left over from the formation of the solar system
These Contained water vapor
They collided with Earth during the early formation stages, releasing water

15. Oceans throughout history... Oceans probably began as 1 large ocean;
Panthalassa
Plate tectonics separated continents
and created multiple oceans
Photo from:

16. Rocks weathered and eroded by runoff
Oceans Today...
Rocks weathered and eroded by runoff
Rivers carry dissolved minerals to the ocean
Water evaporates and leaves solids behind
If the ocean's total salt content were dried, it would cover the continents to a depth of 5 ft.
Photo from:

17. Video courtesy of: Our Wondrous Oceans: Oceans, The Cradle of Life
Video courtesy of: Our Wondrous Oceans: Oceans, The Cradle of Life. United Learning unitedstreaming. 2 March 2006 <

18. What is the function of the oceans?
Absorb and release energy
Regulate daytime and nighttime temperatures
Regulate temperature in different locations
Example: the British Isles are warmed by the Gulf Stream current

19. Review – How did the oceans form? How is water added to the oceans?
Discuss – What is the difference between something that is active vs. passive?

20. Ocean Floor Features: Using the terms at your desk and the textbook, try to match the geologic feature with the picture on the screen. Put them in number order.

21. Ocean Floor Features 1.
11. 2. 8. 9.
Rift Valley
10. 3. 7. 4. 5. 6.
13.
12.

22. Ocean Features

23. QUESTION: Look at Map below; explain the difference you see between the Atlantic Coast and the Pacific Coast of the U.S. .

24. Label all the parts and give examples of each.
Now…
On the back of your Ocean Features page, draw a diagram of an active margin and a diagram of a passive margin.
Label all the parts and give examples of each.

25. Active Margins Found mainly around the Pacific Ocean
Convergent plate boundaries
Thinner continental shelf
Continental slope drops abruptly into a deep- ocean trench
Some subduction zones have little or no accumulation of sediments

26. Active Continental Margin
Found on coastlines where plates are colliding (Convergent Boundaries)

27. Active Margins Continental shelf Continental slope Abyssal plain
Trench
Oceanic Crust
Continental Crust

28. Deep Ocean Trenches Deepest parts of ocean
Near Active Margins (subduction zones)
Mostly in the Pacific
Long, narrow features
Associated with volcanic activity
Volcanic islands arcs
Continental volcanic arcs

29. Passive Margins
Found along most coastal areas that surround the Atlantic Ocean
Not associated with plate boundaries
Experience little volcanism
Few earthquakes

30. Passive Continental Margins
Found along coastlines where there are no plates colliding (no plate boundary)

31. Passive Margin Continent Continental shelf Continental slope
Continental rise
Continental Crust
Abyssal plain
(piled up sediment)
Oceanic Crust

34. The last frontier????
We know very little about the ocean Science has started studying the ocean more in the last several decades

35. Why? 4. Locate minerals 1. Determine fish habitats
5. Study and assess the global environment
6. Speed and safety for global shipping and communications
Why?
7. Ship and sub navigation; accuracy for subs, airplanes and intercontinental missiles
2. Understand the seafloor and the factors that affect it
3. Solve the mystery of Earth’s formation

36. How?
"Drain the Ocean"

37. SONAR- Sound NAvigation And Ranging
Sound is transmitted and echoes off the ocean floor

38. 2. Satellite Altimetry: satellites use radar to measure the distance
to the sea surface
color patterns show different depths

40. What does the shape of the sea surface tell us about the sea floor?
Earth’s gravity field piles up water over top of sea floor features
The ocean surface mimics the shape of the seafloor
The surface rises up 1 meter for every rise of 1000 meters on the floor

41. The Atlantic Ocean Profile

42. Map the contour of the Atlantic Ocean Answer the questions
Now you try…
Map the contour of the Atlantic Ocean
Answer the questions

43. Ocean Water Characteristics
Water flows from land into the oceans and bring minerals
At the same time, water is evaporating and leaving the minerals behind

44. Salinity
The amount of dissolved solids in a given amount of liquid is called salinity
Measured in ppt (parts per thousand)
For example: 1000 grams of ocean water can be evaporated and leave 35 grams of solids behind

45. Effects of Climate & Movement
Some parts of the ocean are saltier than others
Coastal waters in places with hotter, drier climates typically have higher salinity.

46. Climate and Movement Affect Salinity
Heat increases evaporation rate
Evaporation = Salinity

47. Climate and Movement Affect Salinity
Some parts of the ocean move less than other parts
Slower moving areas of water develop higher salinity
Movement Salinity

48. Temperature Zones
The temperature of ocean water decreases as depth increases
This change is NOT gradual
Water in the ocean can be divided into three layers by temperature
Water at the surface is much warmer than the average water temperature

49. Temperature Zones in the Ocean
Surface Zone-
Warm top layer of ocean water
300 meters below sea level
Sunlight heats the top 100 meters
Surface currents mix heated water with cooler water below

50. Temperature Zones in the Ocean
Thermocline-
Second layer of ocean water
meters below sea level
Temperature drops with increased depth faster than in the other two zones

51. Temperature Zones in the Ocean
Deep Zone-
Bottom layer of the ocean
Extends from the thermocline to the ocean floor
Water temperature can range from 1°C to 3°C

52. Graph the temperature profile for the data given Answer the questions
Now you try…
Graph the temperature profile for the data given
Answer the questions