1. Radical Ideas and Early Socialism Chapter 23 Part II

2. Liberalism
Liberalism demanded representative gov’t as opposed to autocratic monarchy, equality before the law as oppossed to legally seperated classes

3. Laissez-Faire Adam Smith-Wealth of Nations
Free competition and open markets

4. Nationalism
Nationalists argued that each people had its own mission and cultural unity.
Nationalists sought to turn cultural unity into political unity and national independence
The rise of industrial and urban society required common culture and common language, leading to standardization in these areas.

5. Nationalism
In the early 1800s nationalism was generally linked to liberal republican ideology.
The very act of defining “the nation” excluded or even demonized others, setting up a potentially dangerous “we-they” dichotomy.

6. French Utopian Socialism
Socialism generally included the ideas of government planning of the economy (the Jacobin example), greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
St. Simon
Fourier
Blanc
Proudhon

7. The Birth of Marxian Socialism
Karl Marx predicted the proletariat (workers) would overthrow capitalists in a violent revolution.
Marx was “the last of the classical economists,” influenced strongly by David Ricardo and his “iron law of wages.”
Marx’s thinking built on the philosophy of Hegel.