1. Chapter 3 Ancient India & China (2600 BC – AD 550)
Focus: In what ways did the civilizations and empires of ancient India & China lay long-lasting social and political foundations?

2. 3.1 – Early Civilizations of India & Pakistan Focus: How have scholars learned about India’s first two civilizations, the Indus and the Aryan?
Indian Subcontinent Geography
Indus Valley located in South Asia
Subcontinent – a large landmass that juts out from a continent*
Northern border – Hindu Kush & Himalayas
Limit outside contact*
Distinct culture*

3. 3.1 – India & Pakistan 3 Zones (pg. 69) Gangetic Plain – fertile
Deccan Plateau – dry raised area of level land*
Coastal Plains – Eastern & Western Ghats

4. 3.1 – India & Pakistan Monsoon –
seasonal winds that bring wet & dry spells*

5. 3.1 – Indus Civilization (2600 BC – 1900 BC)
Mystery – written remains are rare
Well-planned cities- formed by strong governments**
City blocks & wide roads*
Plumbing*
Organized government*

6. Polytheistic* 3.1 – Indus Civilization Gods & goddesses Sacred animals
Harappa Priest-King
3.1 – Indus Civilization
Polytheistic*
Gods & goddesses
Sacred animals
Led to veneration (special regard for) cattle*
Decline
Damage to environment

7. Aryans – nomadic herders from southern Russia*
3.1 – Aryan Civilization
Aryans – nomadic herders from southern Russia*
1500 BC – Migrate into India
Warriors
Rajah* – chief of tribe
Value cattle (wealth)

8. Vedas*– book of hymns, chants, & religious teachings (Vedic Age)
3.1 – Aryan Civilization
Vedas*– book of hymns, chants, & religious teachings (Vedic Age)

9. 3.1 – Aryan Civilization Society Brahmins – priests*
Kshatriyas – warriors
Vaisyas – herders, farmers, merchants
Sudras – little or no Aryan heritage
Dravidians – Indians conquered by Aryans
Untouchables*

10. Religion 3.1 – Aryan Civilization Polytheistic – natural forces
Indra – god of war, chief Aryan deity*
Animal deities

11. New lifestyle – New beliefs
3.1 – Aryan Civilization
New lifestyle – New beliefs
Brahman – single spiritual power beyond gods; resides in all things
Mystics – seek divine contact by practicing meditation & yoga*

12. 3.2 – Hinduism & Buddhism Focus: In what ways were religion and society intertwined in ancient India?
Hinduism*
No single founder*
No single sacred text*
Diverse groups settle – beliefs overlap

13. 3.2 - Hinduism Basic Beliefs Brahman *
Spiritual force that everything is part of*
Atman*
Essential soul*
Moksha*
Union with Brahman - free from the cycle of death and rebirth
Ultimate goal of existence*
Free from selfish desires

14. 3.2- Hinduism Vary by class, gender, age, & occupation
Reincarnation*
rebirth of the soul in another bodily form*
Karma*
actions that affect a person’s fate in the next life*
Dharma*
Religious and moral duties*
Vary by class, gender, age, & occupation
Escape cycle of death & rebirth
Ahimsa*
Nonviolence*

15. 3.2 - Hinduism
Castes*
Social groups into which people are born and which can rarely be changed*
Ensured social order (karma)
Strict rules for every part of life – jobs, homes, clothing, friends, food
Higher caste – spiritually poor
Lower caste - untouchable

16. 3.2 - Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama*
searching for the cause & cure of suffering and sorrow
the Buddha – “enlightened one”*

17. 3.2 - Buddhism Four Noble Truths
Explains life as suffering and gives ways to cure it
Eightfold Path (4th truth)
Directs people in achieving the goals of a moral life and enlightenment

18. 3.2 - Buddhism
Nirvana – union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth*
Final goal

19. 3.3 – Powerful Empires of India
Family & Village Life
Rules & duties associated with caste, family, & village
Joint family* – parents, children, & their offspring share common dwelling
patriarchal
Dowry* – payment to the bridegroom
Women’s rights restricted over time

20. 3.4- Rise of Civilization in China Focus: What characteristics defined the civilization that developed in China under its early rulers?

21. 3.4- Rise of Civilization in China
Geography Influences China:*
Isolation due to Geographic Barriers**- set China apart:
West- Deserts and Mountains (Himalayas)
Slowed/ hindered migration
Southeast- Rainforest
(separated China from Southeast Asia)
North- Gobi (Rough desert)
East- Pacific Ocean

22. 3.4- Rise of Civilization in China
Outside influence:
Despite natural barriers the Chinese still had contact with the outside world:
Traded with neighbors (Mongolia)
Nomads- tried to conquer and attack Chinese cities

23. 3.4-The Rise of Civilization in China
The Yellow River
Chinese civilization began on the Huang/Yellow River
Called the Yellow River because of:
Loess- fine wind blown yellow soil*
River often flooded- destroying crops- starvation*

24. 3.4- Rise of Civilization in China The Shang Dynasty
Shang Government
Lead by a King
Controlled Princes who were in charge of Clans
Clans - group of families with a common ancestor*

25. 3.4- Rise of Civilization in China Shang Dynasty
Shang Society
Royal Family/ Nobles
Merchants & Artisans
Peasants (Majority)

26. 3.4- Rise of Civilization in China
Zhou Dynasty
Overthrew the Shang
Justified the takeover by- “The Mandate of Heaven”*
Ruled by divine right - power from the gods*
Gods were upset with Shang… so the Zhou should take over

27. 3.4- Rise of Civilization in China
Mandate of Heaven
The Chinese used the Mandate of Heaven to explain the Dynastic Cycle - the rise and fall of China's Ruling families*
Good = Rise
Prosperity
Peace
Bad = Fall
Floods
Famine
Invaders
Earthquakes

28. 3.4- Rise of Civilization in China
Zhou Dynasty
Zhou had a feudal state
Feudalism - Government where land is granted in return for support military service* =

29. 3.4- Rise of Civilization in China
Zhou Dynasty
Social Change in Zhou Dynasty
Confucius- developed a philosophy based on ensuring social order and creating a good government*
Harmony in relationships* - especially that of parents and children

30. 3.4- Rise of Civilization in China
Achievements of Early China
Bronze making- weapons & décor
Silk making (worms)
Calligraphy - elegant writing*

31. 3.5- Strong Rulers Unite China Focus: How did powerful emperors unite much of China and bring about a golden age of cultural achievements?

32. 3.5- Strong Rulers Unite China
Qin Dynasty ( B.C.)
Shi Huangdi:
Harsh ruler
United China
Abolished feudalism- set up districts
(To increase loyalty)
Set up standard weights, measures, coins, and writing

33. 3.5- Strong Rulers Unite China Qin Dynasty
Shi Huangdi:
Most lasting achievement - building The Great Wall
- To keep nomadic people and enemies from invading from the north*

34. 3.5- Strong Rulers Unite China
Wudi- Han Emperor
Set up granaries- for a stable food source
Set up a government monopoly on salt and iron
So taxes wouldn’t be the governments only income*
Had policy of expansionism - increasing empires size*
Opened the Silk Road - increased trade and communication with the west*

35. 3.5- Strong Rulers Unite China
Han Golden Age
Advances in:
Science, Math, Astronomy, Medicine
Develop Accupuncture*: needles in skin
Relieve stress and pain (pressure point)