1. INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

2.  Instrument Landing System (ILS)
is a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as low ceilings or reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow.

3. APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM
ILS Consists of the following:
LOCALIZER
GLIDE PATH/SLOPE
MARKER BEACON
APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM

4. LOCALIZER
MARKER BEACONS
GLIDE SLOPE

5. LOCALIZER
One of the main components of the ILS system is the localizer which handles the guidance in the horizontal plane. The localizer is a VHF radio transmitter and antenna system using the same general range as VOR transmitters (between MHz and MHz). Localizer frequencies, however, are only on odd-tenths, with 50 kHz spacing between each frequency. The transmitter and antenna are on the centerline at the opposite end of the runway from the approach threshold.

6. The localizer, or VHF course marker, emits two directional radiation patterns. One comprises of a bearing amplitude-modulated wave with a harmonic signal frequency of 150 Hz and the other one with the same bearing amplitude-modulated wave with a harmonic signal frequency of 90 Hz. These two directional radiation patterns do intersect and thus create a course plane, or a horizontal axis of approach, which basically represents an elongation of the runway’s axis.

7. The signal of the localizer launches the vertical indicator called the track bar (TB). Provided that the final approach does occur from south to north, an aircraft flying westward from the runway’s axis is situated in an area modulated at 90 Hz, therefore the track bar is deflected to the right side.
On the contrary, if the plane’s positioned east from the runway’s axis, the 150 Hz modulated signal causes the track bar to lean out to the right side. In the area of intersection, both signals affect the track bar, which causes to a certain extent a deflection in the direction of the stronger signal. Thus if an aircraft flies roughly in the axis of approach leaned out partially to the right, the track bar is going to deflect a bit to the left.

8. GLIDE SLOPE/PATH
The glide slope, or angle of the descent plane provides the vertical guidance for the pilot during an approach.
It’s created by a ground UHF transmitter containing an antenna system operating in the range of 329, MHz, with a channel separation of 50 kHz.

9. Like the signal of the localizer, so does the signal of the glide slope consist of two intersected radiation patterns, modulated at 90 and 150 Hz. However unlike the localizer, these signals are arranged on top of each other and emitted along the path of approach

10. MARKER BEACONS OUTER BEACON
The outer marker is located 3,5-6 NM ( km) from the runway’s threshold. Its beam intersects the glide slope’s ray at an altitude of approximately 1400 ft ( m) above the runway. It also roughly marks the point at which an aircraft enters the glide slope under normal circumstances, and represents the beginning of the final part of the landing approach.

11. MARKER BEACONS IM MM OM 2 dashes per second (400 Hz) ~7000 m.
Outer Marker

12. MIDDLE BEACON
The middle marker is used to mark the point of transition from an approach by instruments to a visual one. It’s located about 0,5÷0,8 NM ( m) from the runway’s threshold. When flying over it, the aircraft is at an altitude of 200÷250 ft (60,96-76,2) above it. The audio signal is made up of two dashes or six dots per second. The frequency of the identification tone is 1300 Hz. Passing over the middle marker is visually indicated by a bulb of an amber (yellow) colour.

13. MARKER BEACONS
Outer Marker IM MM OM
Middle Marker
Alternate dots and dashes, 2dashes/s, 6dots/s (1300Hz)

14. INNER BEACON
The inner marker emits an AM wave with a modulated frequency of 3000 Hz. The identification signal has a pattern of series of dots, in frequency of six dots per second. The beacon is located 60m in front of the runway’s threshold. 

15. MARKER BEACONS IM MM OM Inner Marker Series of dots, 6dots/s (3000Hz)
Outer Marker
Middle Marker IM MM OM
Inner Marker
Series of dots, 6dots/s (3000Hz)

16. APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM
assists the pilot in transitioning from instrument to visual flight, and to align the aircraft visually with the runway centerline. Pilot observation of the approach lighting system at the Decision Altitude allows the pilot to continue descending towards the runway, even if the runway or runway lights cannot be seen, since the ALS counts as runway end environment.

17. QUIZ what does the acronym ILS stands for ?
Ans: INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM
What are the 4 ground equipment of an ILS?
Ans. –LOCALIZER
- GLIDE PATH/ SLOPE
- MARKER BEACONS
- APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM
What are the 2 bearing amplitude-modulated wave harmonic signal frequency the localizer and glide slope produce?
Ans. – 150 Hz and 90 Hz

18. What are the 3 Marker Beacons?
Ans. - OUTER MARKER BEACON
- INNER MARKER BEACON
- MIDDLE MARKER BEACON
In your opinion why do we need to have a system in the landing and taking off of aircrafts?
ASSIGNMENT
WHAT IS A INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM?