1. Drawing Research in surgery and medical education:
an interdisciplinary perspective
Keynote paper at conference on
Thinking through Drawing 2012: Drawing in STEAM
Friday 14th September 2012
Margaret J Cox, Jenny Wright & Neil Shah

2. STEAMM
Science
Technology
Engineering
Art
Mathematics
Medicine

3. Rationale for the hapTEL project
30 years evidence of
positive impact of TEL on
students’ learning
Simulations, generic
Software, online resources
Sensors, programming
Little research into
new multimedia impact
in post-compulsory
education
Growth in use of TEL
in dental education
Haptics provides
new representation
systems and immersion
in virtual environments
Impact on students’
learning; epistemologies;
manual skills;
conceptual understanding;

4. hapTEL Interdisciplinary team
Prof. Margaret Cox (Director, KCL)
Prof. Nairn Wilson (User-Group Coordinator, KCL)
Dr. Jonathan P. San Diego (Project Manager, KCL)
Dr. Barry Quinn ((Lead Clinician, KCL)
King’s College Staff and Post-graduate students
Dental Clinicians; Psychologists; sociologists; educational researchers
University of Reading - Cybernetics team
Birmingham City University Engineering
In collaboration with
University of the Arts – Artists – Jen Wright
(Medical school – dentist?) – Neil Shah

5. Research into developing virtual dental systems
Physical Layout (Ergonomics, collocation, workspace)
Physical interface (inclusion of rubber cheeks, synthetic tissues)
Touch (Collision detection, DoF, workspace, etc.)
Vision (3D or 2D, tissue models, colour changes, magnification, graphic scene changes)
Audio (mono/stereo/3D, variants of feedback)
Others (data logs and visualisation, motion representation, smell)

7. Goals and issues for Dental Education
Undergraduate
Dental Education
hand-eye
Co-ordination
Developing the learner
to become a practising
professional
Using tactile devices
Manipulative skills
Spatial reasoning
skills
Changing the way
Professionals work: e.g.
in teams with DCPs
Increasing size of
student cohorts
Need to provide satisfactory
and sufficient
feedback to students

8. Clinical concepts and skills for undergraduate dental students
Caries removal
Depth of the cavity
Angle of entry into the tooth
Speed of the bur
Different tactile sensations in cutting between different tissues
Cavity design
Time available for the task and the actual time taken

9. Teeth and mouth model

10. Graphic models

11. Beta
Version
I’m sure you will insert the screen capture of the system here
Illustration and demo of the prototype

12. hapTEL Workstation (Curriculum Ver.)
3D Display Monitor
Haptic handpiece
Foot Controls
Haptic Device
Shutter glasses
Audio speakers
Camera
Pod

13. hapTEL
Traditional
Removal of artificial decayed material on a plastic tooth
Three sessions: Two attempts per session
Removal of virtual decayed material on a virtual tooth located in a jaw
Three sessions: as many attempts as they wish within a given time per session

14. Study Design (Large scale trials)

15. Strand 3 - Research design and methods to measure students‘ learning
Pre and post tests
Spatial reasoning; fine motor skills; 3-D perceptions
Attitudes towards ICT and haptics
Video observations of students’ practices in the laboratories
Task performance in traditional and hapTEL laboratories
Final Cavity preparation task
Post-lab self assessment task

16. Examples of assessment techniques

17. Extending the research into drawing and art
Year 1 cohort n=130, investigated relationship between computer drilling skills logs and drawing journal
Initial drawing task was drawing a ceramic tooth which the student could not see but only touch
2 week period to visually record images of the ceramic tooth in their journal

18. Data from HapTEL unit(2012)
Cavity=4
User Name: H031
Material Logs
Enamel: Remaining 98.13%
Dentine: Remaining 98.69%
Carie: Removed 80.12%
Pulp exposed: Yes
Pulp: Removed 0.203%
Timing Logs
Total Duration: seconds
Time at first contact: 8.79seconds
Time spent Drilling: seconds

19. hapTEL virtual learning unit at Kings College Dental Institute
Eyesi virtual learning unit at Moorfields Eye Hospital

20. Recording using non conventional drawing materials

21. Ceramic object for ‘blind drawing’ 5 x 3 x2 cms
J E 2012 ‘blind drawing’ pencil on paper 30 x 21 cms

22. Examples of assessment techniques

23. Postgraduate Trial study: MA Drawing students exploring and recording ceramic object

24. Kings College Dental students exploring and recording ceramic object

25. Dental student journal drawings using conventional drawing materials

26. Close observational drawing using sight and touch together
with experimental investigation

27. Recording using non conventional drawing materials

28. DO3 HO 26 (Drilled straight into the pulp in cavity 5?)
User Name: H026
Material Logs
Enamel: Remaining 97.16%
Dentine: Remaining 95.91%
Carie: Removed 80.58%
Pulp exposed: Yes
Pulp: Removed 15.23%
Timing Logs
Total Duration: seconds
Time at first contact: seconds
Time spent Drilling: seconds

29. Data from HapTEL unit(2012)
User Name: H115
D12
Cavity=4
Material Logs
Enamel: Remaining 98.61%
Dentine: Remaining 99.01%
Carie: Removed 74.14%
Pulp exposed: No
Pulp: Removed 0%
Timing Logs
Total Duration: seconds
Time at first contact: seconds
Time spent Drilling: seconds

32. Initial drawing performance comparison

33. Results
The preliminary analysis from the journals with comparison to the computer log files indicate a correlation between certain drawing styles and the virtual clinical performance in hapTEL

34. Implications for Teaching
The results of the study are a practical example of a pedagogical strategy that could incorporate TEL methods into under/postgraduate programmes in Dentistry, Surgery and other related fields
Drawing skills can be an indication of fine motor skills equally needed for intricate processes in technical and scientific subjects

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36. Follow us on Twitter @hapTEL and
THANK YOU for your interest Contact us at:
Follow us on
and