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BY AMPONSAH KWAME BRIGHT

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1 BY AMPONSAH KWAME BRIGHT
RICE BRAN AS A FEED RESOURCE IN CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS: IMPACT ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, BODY CONDITION SCORES, CARCASS TRAITS AND BLOOD PROFILE OF RURAL PIGS IN THE UPPER EAST REGION OF GHANA. BY AMPONSAH KWAME BRIGHT

2 INTRODUCTION Agriculture is noted to be the backbone to social and economic growth in developing countries where the overall well-being and farming fortunes are so closely related. A major challenge facing the livestock sector in many parts of Sub Sahara Africa is how to arrive at a sustainable increase in livestock productivity with limited use of feed supplements (Powell et al., 2004).

3 INTRODUCTION (CONT’D)
Rice bran (RB) is readily available in Ghana (example: Northern sector) Serves as a source of energy and as a substitute for wheat or maize bran and also a partial replacement for maize or the cereal component of the diet. Unfortunately locally produced RB differs in composition with its nutritive value being highly dependent on the extent of its adulteration with rice husk/hulls (Pond and Maner, 1974; Pond et al., 1991).

4 OBJECTIVES This pig study sought to ascertain the effects of rice bran on: growth performance economies of production body condition scores carcass traits blood profile

5 MATERIALS AND METHODS Location of the Experiment
Africa RISING Project Communities in Navrongo in the Upper East Region Phases - 3 phases Field survey Chemical analysis On-farm feeding trial

6 MATERIALS AND METHODS (CONT’D)
Phase 1: Field Survey Questionnaire Construction Sampling Area Questionnaire Administration

7 MATERIALS AND METHODS (CONT’D)
Phase 2: Chemical Analysis Proximate ADF and NDF (Van Soest et al., 1991) Minerals (Fick et al., 1979) Pests, Microbes and Fungi Status (Atlas, 1995)

8 MATERIALS AND METHODS (CONT’D)
Phase 3: Feeding Trial with Pigs Experimental Animals Duration Experimental Design Sources of Feed Ingredients

9 MATERIALS AND METHODS (CONT’D)
Experimental Diets Four (4) diets were used in the experiment Diet A: (control diet with no RB) Diet B:(300g/kg RB) Diet C: (400g/kg RB) Diet D: (500g/kg RB) Feed and water were provided ad-libitum

10 Table 1: Composition of the various diets (g/kg)
Diets Ingredients Diet A Diet B Diet C Diet D Dawadawa pulp flour (DPF) 230 220 210 200 Pito mash (PM) 150 Groundnut skin meal (GSM) 250 130 110 Mill waste (MW) 300 160 90 20 Rice bran (RB) - 400 500 Common salt 10 Vitamin-trace mineral premix Total 1000 Chemical composition (Calc.) Crude protein (g/kg) 183.90 180.20 179.30 178.30 DE (Mcal/kg) 3.44 3.45 3.43 3.41 Crude fibre (g/kg) 107.50 106.70 108.80 110.80 Calcium (g/kg) 5.60 4.20 3.80 3.50 Phosphorus (g/kg) 8.20 10.90 11.80 12.80 Provided the following/kg diet:Vitamin A–8,000 IU, Vitamins D3 –3,000 IU, Vitamins E–8 IU, Vitamin K –2mg, Vitamin B1– 1 mg, Vitamin B2–0.2 mg, Vitamin B12–5 mg, N icotinamide –10 mg, Selenium– 0.1 mg, Ca Pantothenate – 5 mg, Folic acid –0.5 mg, Choline Chloride –150mg, Iron –20 mg, Manganese –80 mg, Copper –8 mg, Zinc –50 mg, Cobalt –0.225mg, Iodine –2 mg Antioxidant – 0.1ppm.

11 MATERIALS AND METHODS (CONT’D)
Parameters Measured Feed intake Weight gain Feed conversion efficiency Feed cost and economy of gain Body condition scores (Holness, 1991) Carcass traits (absolute and relative) Blood assays (Peter et al., 1982) Statistical Analysis

12 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
FIELD SURVEY RESULTS Table 2: Sources of pig feed by season Source* Wet season Dry season Frequency Percentage Household waste 33 82.5 20 50.0 Rice bran 38 95.0 40 100.0 Mill waste 29 72.5 11 27.5 Dawadawa pulp flour 2 50.5 13 32.5 Pito mash 25 62.5 Groundnut skin meal 12 30.0 Cut grasses - Commercial feed 1 2.5 Animal fend for itself *Multiple responses.

13 FIELD SURVEY RESULTS (CONT’D)
Table 3: Prevalent diseases and pests in the study area by season Diseases* Wet season Dry season Frequency Percentage Africa Swine Fever, ASF 8 20.0 14 35.0 Anaemia 26 65.0 28 70.0 Mange/Lice infestation 29 72.5 27 67.0 Diarrhoea (Gastroenteritis) 23 57.5 19 47.5 Cough/Pneumonia 11 27.5 2 5.0 Mastitis - Worm Infestation (Helminthiasis) 20 50.0 22 55.0 *Multiple responses.

14 FIELD SURVEY RESULTS (CONT’D)
Table 4: Disease and pests control measures from the study area Control measures* Frequency Percentage Proper husbandry practices (healthcare, feeding, housing) 22 55 Use of resistant/improved breeds 10 25 Government intervention/assistance 18 45 Proper farm sanitation 8 20 Trainings from Agricultural Extension Agents (AEAs) 24 60 *Multiple responses

15 PHASE 2: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Table 5: Chemical composition (g/kg) of the major feed ingredients used Parameter DPF PM GSM MW RB AS FED BASIS Moisture 152.6 174.1 121.9 45.3 70.0 CP 39.4 219.8 342.4 109.5 74.4 CF 36.0 60.5 254.6 78.3 71.9 EE 86.9 82.2 72.5 63.3 290.8 Ash 27.1 74.6 75.2 56.1 90.0 NFE 658.0 388.8 133.4 647.5 402.9 ADF 133.3 270.3 158.7 147.4 472.0 NDF 185.6 662.1 435.2 490.6 652.4 Ca 1.2 1.3 1.6 0.5 P 6.2 9.8 8.2 9.0 7.8 K 21.8 12.9 11.0 16.5 12.8 D.E (Mcal/kg) 3.88 3.45 2.78 3.89 5.05

16 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS (CONT’D)
Table 6: Microbes present in RB and the RB-based Diets Samples Microbes present RB E. coli, yeast, mould and Salmonella typhi Diet A Yeast, mould and Salmonella typhi Diet B Diet C E. coli, yeast, mould and Salmonella typhi Diet D

17 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONT’D)
Health Health of the pigs was good generally No mortalities were recorded.

18 PHASE 3: FEEDING TRIAL Table 7: Growth performance of indigenous pigs and the economics of production PARAMETERS DIETARY TREATMENTS LSD SIGN. LEVEL A B C D Number of pigs 8 - Mean initial weight, kg 8.31 8.50 4.44 1.202 NS Mean final weight, kg 14.43 14.89 14.44 13.51 2.056 Mean daily feed intake, kg 0.68b 0.79a 0.80a 0.84a 0.103 * Mean daily weight gain, kg 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.023 Mean FCR (feed/gain) 10.21 11.42 12.63 15.08 4.926 Feed cost/kg, GH¢ 0.65 0.58 0.55 0.52 Feed cost/kg liveweight gain, GH¢ 6.63 6.62 6.95 7.84 2.389 ab: means with the same superscripts are similar (P>0.05) whilst means with different superscripts are significant (P<0.05); LSD – Least significant difference, Sign. Level – Significance level, NS – Non significant (P>0.05); *means significant at 5%.

19 FEEDING TRIAL RESULTS (CONT’D)
Figure 2: Correlation between girth width and body weight of the indigenous pigs

20 FEEDING TRIAL RESULTS (CONT’D)
Table 8: Relative weight (%) of some carcass components PARAMETERS DIETARY TREATMENTS LSD SIGN. LEVEL A B C D Mean head weight 11.07 10.80 10.72 10.94 0.934 NS Mean shoulder weight 7.94 7.71 7.89 7.51 0.678 Mean loin weight 6.41 6.94 7.38 7.11 0.931 Mean belly weight 3.43 3.50 3.42 3.34 0.630 Mean thigh weight 6.01 6.24 6.65 5.93 0.637 Mean fillet weight 1.29 1.36 1.27 0.337 Mean P2 2.95 2.87 3.06 3.66 0.775 Mean viscera weight 21.48 22.36 19.15 22.64 3.215 Mean GIT weight (empty) 7.27 7.52 6.52 6.96 0.856 Mean heart weight 0.39 0.37 0.33 0.42 0.067 Mean kidney weight 0.49 0.40 0.107 Mean liver weight 2.42 2.13 2.07 2.37 0.379 Mean respiratory tract weight 1.10 1.12 1.00 0.93 0.248 Mean spleen weight 0.24 0.20 0.21 0.18 0.102 LSD – Least significant difference, Sign. Level – Significance level, NS – Non –significant (P>0.05).

21 FEEDING TRIAL RESULTS (CONT’D)
Table 9: Haematological and serum biochemical parameters of the indigenous pigs used in the experiment Parameters DIETARY TREATMENTS LSD SIGN. LEVEL A B C D HAEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE WBC (x 103/µL) 26.40 24.90 26.70 24.20 6.380 NS RBC (x 106/µL) 6.63 6.79 6.84 6.544 0.409 Hb (g/dl) 11.44 11.91 12.40 12.28 0.797 HCT (%) 33.77 34.88 36.21 35.96 2.631 Platelets (x 103/µL) 592.00a 463.00b 385.00b 425.00b * MCH (pg) 17.31 17.60 17.64 17.75 0.888 MCHC (g/dl) 33.94 34.10 34.28 0.497 LYM (x 103/µL) 9.50 8.41 10.07 8.16 4.285 GRA (x 103/µL) 13.00 13.27 13.51 12.94 3.825 SERUM BIOCHEMICAL ASSAY HDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) 47.10 42.20 40.80 44.00 8.510 LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) 40.70 35.20 32.50 45.10 18.340 Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) 94.90 84.60 80.50 96.50 20.680 Triglycerides (mg/dl) 36.10 36.20 37.20 50.50 22.810 ab: means with the same superscripts are similar (P>0.05) whilst means with differing superscripts are significant (P<0.05); LSD – Least significant difference, Sign. Level – Significance level, NS – Non –significant (P>0.05); *means significant at 5%.

22 CONCLUSIONS The survey results indicated that, in order to help the indigenous pig productivity, there is need to enhance management. The chemical analysis has also revealed that the ingredients that were studied and which are readily available have good nutritional values. The results on the growth performance also showed similar growth rate, and feed conversion ratio for all dietary treatments. Economically, the results showed that RB-based diets were cheaper than the control diet.

23 CONCLUSIONS (CONT’D) The use of BCS and girth measurements as weight-estimation tool will empower rural pig farmers to have better bargaining powers. Carcass, haematological and biochemical parameters were similar for all the dietary treatments The local pig farmers can incorporate RB into their diets for their pigs up to 50% without any adverse effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics, haematological and serum biochemical characteristics.

24 RECOMMENDATIONS Need for interventions (by the Government of Ghana and the various NGOs in the country). Efficient drying of feed ingredients and keeping a clean environment in and around storage facilities.

25 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION


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