1. 2A: Ancient Geography
Early geography focused on description & measurement
Limited to Physical Geography in description
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2. Aristotle: first to say earth was spherical
Ptolemy:
--wrote Guide to Geography in the 2nd century CE
(BCE ≈ BC; CE ≈ AD)
--first to codify the basic principles of mapmaking
Aristotle: first to say earth was spherical
Eratosthenes:
--first to record the use of the word
--Calculated the circumference of the world

3. 2B: The Middle Ages
Geographic understanding stagnated in Christian Europe compared to Islamic world and China
Note influence of religion in T-O map
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4. 2B: The Middle Ages
Ibn Battuta (Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Lawātī al-Ṭanjī ibn Baṭṭūṭa)
Travelled for 29 years
Reported both physical and cultural geography
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5. Travels of ibn-Battuta
Figure 2B.2
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6. 2C: The Age of Exploration
Wide-reaching expansion of European overseas interest
Prince Henry the Navigator
Employed geographers, cartographers, astronomers and other experts
Long distance navigation was aided by improvements in measuring latitude
John Harrison’s clock (late 18th century) for longitude
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7. The Columbian Exchange
Important interaction between the Eastern & Western Hemispheres
Slaves
Crops
Livestock
Disease
Metals
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8. 2D: The Birth of Modern Geography
Alexander von Humboldt
Traveled, collected, & categorized plants / rocks
Investigated relation between government and environment
Carl Ritter
Pushed academic geography toward scientific observation
Searched for interconnections among things
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9. The Twentieth Century Carl Sauer Rejected environmental determinism
(remember this when we talk about paradigms)
Emphasized the changing cultural landscape (impact of human cultures and physical landscape)
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