1. AP Chapter 24
Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order

2. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
European powers began building true empires in Asia similar to those they had established in the Americas beginning in the 16th century
At first European powers started with trade and establishing trade routes, patterns and sites but slowly they began being drawn in to choosing sides in conflicts

3. Prototype: The Dutch Advance on Java
The Dutch founded Batavia on the northern side of Java in 1619

4. Continued Survival of Batavia was a struggle
At first the Dutch become vassals of and pay tribute to the Sultans of Mataram, who ruled most of Java
The Dutch cornered the monopoly of the spice trade in smaller islands and backed the winning side of a rival claimant to the Mataram throne

5. Continued
As a reward for backing the claimant to they gain control of the area around Batavia (Jakarta)
Using the above pattern of intervention, by the 18th century the Maratram Sultans controlled only the south central portions of Java

6. Pivot of World Empire: The Rise of the British Rule in India
Agents of English East India Company repeatedly meddled in disputes and conflicts between local Princes
The British utilized Indian troops called sepoys recruited from peoples through out the subcontinent

7. Sepoys

8. Continued
As the Indian Princes used the British to knock off rivals the British continued to gain power
British Raj was the name given for the British political establishment in India
The British and French were on opposite sides in five major wars in the 18th century, with the exception of the American War of Independence, the British won all the wars

9. Continued
In 1757 the British (3000 troops) defeated an Indian army of 50,000. The battle gave Britain the kingdom of Bengal
The British commander Robert Clive used Hindu bankers to buy off the opposing sides troops and spies, causing massive defections to the British side

10. Robert Clive

11. The Consolidation of British Rule
As the Mughal Empire broke down, Britain expanded its area from the cities of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta
These cities became the administrative centers of the three presidencies that eventually made up the bulk of the territory the British ruled directly in India

12. Continued
Defeated or allied Indian Princes on the thrones of the princely states were controlled through British agents stationed at the ruler’s courts
India lacked a national identity, which made conquering it easier
India had the greater share of colonized people in the British Empire

13. Continued
6. As the 19th century progressed, India became the major outlet for British overseas investments and manufactured goods as well as a major source of key raw materials

14. Early Colonial Society in India and Java
At first the Dutch and British left the social classes alone in Java and India. They simply formed a new social order above the old aristocracy
The early Dutch colonist built their houses in the European style (two story) along canals in Java, but would come to realize how unhealthy they were. They would relocate to the country and build single story houses with large wraparound porches that surrounded the whole house.

15. Continued
European style clothing would give way to looser fitting clothes (some of the Dutch would begin wearing sarongs)
More and more the English living in India would adopt Indian work habits to survive the heat

16. Continued
By the end of the 18th century, mixed marriages on the part of prominent traders or officers were widely accepted, particularly in Java
By the end of the 19th century, social boundaries were clearly marked

17. Social Reform in the Colonies
In India the British did not allow Christian missionaries to preach in their territories until the second decade of the 19th century
The British helped to enforce the caste system in India
During the 1770s the British had to enact significant reforms in the administration of the East India Company and its colonies because of individuals (nabobs) that cheated both the British East India Company and Indians

18. Continued
In 1770 a catastrophic famine struck Bengal because of nabobs interference in providing grain to the affected area (1/3 of the population of the province died)
Lord Charles Cornwallis cleaned up the problem with the nabobs. He however greatly distrusted the Indians which further alienated them from power

19. Lord Charles Cornwallis

20. Continued
Utilitarian philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and James Mill, supported by Evangelical groups encouraged imposing British institutions and ways of thinking on Indian society because they believed they were more civilized than Indians
The ritual of sati or ritual burning of Hindu widows on the funeral pyres of their deceased husbands was the driving force for the imposition of British culture on Indians

21. Sati

22. Continued
Backed by western educated Indians such as Ram Mohun Roy, the British outlawed sati in the 1830s

23. Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870-1914
Between the 1870s and World War I, English and American industrialization paved the way for global domination by western powers
Industrialization, heightened economic competition and political rivalries between the European powers

24. Continued
3. European powers saw African and Asian colonies as markets for industrial goods but also as insurance policies for desperately needed raw materials

25. Unequal Combat: Colonial Wars and the Apex of European Imperialism
Industrial change not only justified the European’s grab for colonial possessions but made them much easier to acquire
The dazzling array of new weaponry with which the Europeans set out on their expeditions to the Indian frontiers or the African bush made the wars of colonial conquest very lopsided

26. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change
Europeans living in the colonies increasingly distanced themselves from the peoples they ruled
Tropical Dependencies were colonies in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific in which small numbers of Europeans ruled large populations of non-western peoples

27. Continued
3. Settlement Colonies were European overseas possessions but within this type there were different patterns of European occupation and indigenous response (Canada and Australia were labeled the White Dominions)

28. Colonial Regimes and Social Hierarchies in the Tropical Dependencies
Europeans exploited long-standing ethnic and cultural divisions between the peoples of their new African or Asian colonies to put down resistance and maintain control
In official reports and censuses, colonial administrators strengthened existing ethnic differences by dividing the peoples in each colony into “tribes”

29. Continued
The Africans and Asian subordinates that were in positions of the greatest authority were western educated
Western-language education in African was left largely to Protestant and Catholic missionaries
Higher education was not promoted in Africa due to deep seated racial prejudice

30. Continued
By holding back education the British stunted the growth of a middle class in black Africa

31. Changing Social Relations Between Colonizer and Colonized
As more and more Europeans went to the colonies, they tended to keep to themselves on social occasions rather than mixing with the “natives”
With the arrival of European wives and children, mixed marriages or living arrangements met with more and more vocal disapproval within the constrained world of the colonial communities and back home in Europe

32. Continued
3. European social life in the colonies revolved around the infamous clubs, where the only “natives” allowed were the servants

33. Shifts in Methods of Economic Extraction
As increasing numbers of the colonized peoples were involved in the production of crops or minerals intended for export markets, the economies of most of Africa, India and Southeast Asia were reorganized to serve the needs of the industrializing European economies

34. Continued
The profits from the precious metals and minerals extracted from Africa’s mines or the rubber grown in Malaya went mainly to European merchants and industrialists
The raw materials themselves were shipped to Europe to be processed and sold or used to make industrial products
The finished products were intended mainly for European customers

35. Continued
5. Economic dependence complemented the political subjugation and social subordination of colonized African and Asian peoples in a world order loaded in favor of the expansionist nations of western Europe

36. Settler Colonies in South Africa and the Pacific
In most of the settler colonies established in the 19th century, the indigenous peoples were both numerous and largely resistant to the diseases the colonizers carried with them
The history of the newest settler colonies that were formed as the result of large-scale migrations from industrializing societies has been dominated by enduring competition and varying degrees of conflict between European settlers and indigenous peoples

37. South Africa
The Dutch Colony was set-up as a way station where Dutch merchant ships could take on water and fresh food in the middle of their long journey from Europe to the East Indies
The small community of Dutch settlers stayed near the coast for decades after their arrival

38. Continued
Boers (Dutch Farmers) were the descendants of the Dutch immigrants in South Africa eventually began to move into the vast interior regions of the continent
Interaction between the Boers and the enslaved Khoikhoi produced the sizeable “colored” population that exists in South Africa today

39. Continued The British will capture the Cape Town colony in the 1790s
In 1815 the British permanently annexed the colony
The evangelical missionaries who entered South Africa under the protection of the new British overlords were deeply committed to eradicating slavery

40. Continued
In the 1850s the Boers established two Boer Republics in the interior, named the Orange State and the Transvaal, which they tried to keep free of British influence
After discovering diamonds in the Orange State and gold in the Transvaal a war will erupt from (Boer War) between the British and the Boers

42. Pacific Tragedies
Among the destructive forces that attacked native pacific islanders was disease, religion, different sexual mores, more lethal weapons, and sudden influences of cheap consumer goods

43. Small Pox

44. New Zealand
The first period of disruption and danger for the Maori began in the 1790s, when timber merchants and whalers established small settlements on the New Zealand coast
Maori living near these settlements were afflicted with alcoholism and the spread of prostitution
Maori traded wood and food for European firearms which soon revolutionized Maori warfare

45. Continued
c. Even more devastating was the impact of diseases such as smallpox, tuberculosis, and even the common cold that ravaged Maori communities throughout the north islands 2. Maori took up farming with European implements, and they grazed cattle purchased from European traders

46. Continued
The British decision to claim the islands as part of this global empire, again plunged the Maori into misery and despair
After years of conflict with the British, the Maori were able to overcome by making New Zealand a multiracial society in which a reasonable level of European and Maori accommodation and interaction has been achieved

47. Hawaii
Hawaii came under increasing western influences from the late 18th century onward—politically at the hands of the British, and culturally and economically from the United States, whose westward surge quickly spilled into the Pacific
Hawaii was opened to the west through the voyages of Captain James Cook from 1777 to 1779

48. Captain James Cook

49. Continued
3. The Hawaiian prince, Kamehimeha, backed by the British overwhelmed his rivals and becomes king

50. Continued
4. King Kamechameha and his successors promoted economic change, encouraging western promoted economic change, encouraging western merchants to establish export trade in Hawaiian goods in return for returning revenues to the royal treasury

51. Continued
Because of the decline of the Hawaiian population due to disease it was necessary to import Asian workers to staff estates
First Chinese contract workers had been brought in before 1800, after 1868, a larger current of Japanese arrived
In 1898 sugar planters persuaded the United States to formally take over Hawaii