1. BIOTECHNOLOGY
DNA Technology

2. What is biotechnology? Biotechnology = bios (life) + logos (study of)
Literally ‘the study of tools from living things’

3. What is biotechnology? Biotechnology:
is the process of harnessing 'nature's own' biochemical tools to make possible new products and processes and provide solutions to society's ills

4. What is biotechnology?
Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms
Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses

5. Stages of Biotechnology
Ancient Biotechnology
early history as related to food and shelter, including domestication
Classical Biotechnology
built on ancient biotechnology
fermentation promoted food production
medicine
Modern Biotechnology
manipulates genetic information in organism
genetic engineering

6. Human Genome Project (HGP)
1.) HGP = Map of all 30,000 genes on the 46 human chromosomes ( )
Information has led to many advances in the fields of medicine, agriculture, bio-engineering
2.) An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell

7. Genetic Engineering DNA Technology
1.) Biotechnology refers to technology used to manipulate DNA.
2.) The procedures are often referred to as genetic engineering.

8. 3.) DNA is the genetic material of all living organisms.
Genetic Engineering DNA Technology
3.) DNA is the genetic material of all living organisms. 
All organisms use the same genetic code (A, T, C, G).

9. Creating Recombinant DNA

10. Recombinant DNA
-  Recombinant DNA refers to the DNA from the two different organisms.
Can be used for creating transgenic organisms, gene therapy, and cloning.

11. RECOMBINANT DNA
-Recombinant DNA technology was first used in the 1970’s with bacteria.
-A plasmid is small ring of DNA in a bacterium

12. Making Recombinant Bacteria
1st:Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid).
-Cut the Bacterial DNA with “restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes were discovered in bacteria.
Bacteria use them as a defense mechanism to cut up the DNA of viruses or other bacteria

13. Making Recombinant Bacteria
Hundreds of different restriction enzymes have been isolated
Each restriction enzyme or RE cuts DNA at a specific base sequence.

14. MakingRecombinant Bacteria
For example, EcoRI always cuts DNA at GAATTC as indicated below

15. The sequence GAATTC appear three time in the below strand of DNA, so it is cut into four pieces.

16. Fragments of DNA that has been cut with
restriction enzymes have unpaired
nucleotides at the ends called sticky ends.
Sticky ends have complimentary bases, so
they could rejoin.

17. Making Recombinant Bacteria
2nd : Cut the gene of interest from the organism’s DNA with same “restriction enzyme” (RE).

18. Making Recombinant Bacteria
3rd : Combine the “sticky ends” of the two DNA pieces together with DNA ligase (enzyme) – also known as gene splicing.
This creates a vector = a DNA molecule used to carry a gene of interest from one organism to another.

19. Plasmids & viruses are the most commonly used vectors

20. Making Recombinant Bacteria
a.) Insert vector into bacteria.
b.) The bacteria can now reproduce the recombinant DNA.
c.) The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria.

22. Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria
Bacteria can make human insulin or human growth hormone.

23. Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria
Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills.

24. REVIEW

25. Plasmids
Small circular DNA molecules that can reside in cells.
Often contain genes fro resistance to antibiotics.
They can spread antibiotic resistance
They are also used for human benefit.

26. Possible because of special enzymes that cut DNA
Genetic Engineering
Possible because of special enzymes that cut DNA
These enzymes are called RESTRICTION ENZYMES

27. DNA Scissors: An Introduction to Restriction Enzymes
Restriction enzymes, are proteins that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA at or near the recognition site.
A nuclease is any enzyme that cuts the phosphodiester bonds of the DNA backbone, and an endonuclease is an enzyme that cuts some where within a DNA molecule.

28. Restriction enzymes
were originally discovered through their ability to break down, or restrict, foreign DNA.
can distinguish between the DNA normally present in the cell and foreign DNA, such as infecting bacteria virus DNA
The enzymes defend the cell from invasion by cutting the foreign DNA into pieces, rendering the DNA nonfunctional.
Restriction enzymes appear to be made exclusively by prokaryotes.

29. Restriction enzymes
generally recognize specific DNA sequences of 4 to 6 base pairs.
These recognition sites are a palindrome in that the 5’ 3' base sequence is the same on both strands.
Most of the enzymes make a cut in the phosphodiester backbone of DNA at a specific position within the recognition site, resulting in a break in the DNA.

30. These recognition cleave sites are called restriction sites.

31. Restriction Enzymes
Recognize and cut at specific places along the DNA molecule called restriction sites.
Each different restriction enzyme has its own type of site.
Restriction site is a 4 or 6 base pair sequence that is a palindrome.
A DNA palidrome is a sequence in which the “top strand read from left to right is the same as the bottom strand read from right to left.