1. Policing: Issues and Trends
Chapter 7

2. Learning Objectives Describe the new technologies that affect policing
Discuss the issues and problems that emerge from increased attention to homeland security
Analyze the policing and related activities undertaken by private-sector security
Discuss the ways police can abuse their power and the challenges of controlling this abuse
Identify the methods that increase police accountability

3. Policing and New Technology
Keeping up with sophisticated criminals & scientific methods
The Challenge of New Crimes
Cell-phone apps
Counterfeiting
Crime-enabling technology

4. Investigative Tools Crime-enabling technology Databases
High-powered weapons & body armor
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
“Smart cars” & gunshot location technologies
Databases
Fingerprint identification (IAFIS)
Criminal records, DNA, tattoos, etc.

5. Forensic Tools Used

6. DNA Testing Increasingly effective CODIS
Federally mandated sample collection
Cold cases
Testing delays and backlogs
Inconsistent policies & errors persist, more uniform system necessary

7. Surveillance and Identification
Cameras & Scanners
TSA: full-body, backscatter x-ray scanners
Facial-recognition software
Iris-recognition technology
Poygraphs & thermal-imaging cameras
Brain-wave response & MRI’s

8. Weapons Technology Improper use of force lawsuits
Nonlethal & less-lethal weapons
Problems with less-lethal weapons
Not always effective
Officers may resort to use too quickly
Additional costs & training

9. Homeland Security
Criticism of FBI, and its arguments over jurisdiction with ATF
Preparing for Threats
Joint Terrorism Task Forces
Airport & border security
Law enforcement intelligence gathering & sharing

10. Preparing for Threats Fusion Centers
State & local intelligence operations
Changes within local police training, equipment, and operations
“Lone-wolf” terrorists
Incident Command System (ICS)

11. New Laws and Controversies
Post 9/11 attacks, more than 30 states have added new laws—some very controversial
Violating individual rights? Privacy?
*Use of drones to spy and conduct illegal searches
Overstepping of bounds?
Gang & drug prosecutions under new anti-terrorism laws
USA Patriot Act
Excessive authority?

12. Security Management and Private Policing
Private security has become more complex and important
Protection of company assets
Threats have spurred expansion
Increased workplace crime
Increased fears, real & imagined

13. Employment in Private and Public Protection, 1970-2010

14. Functions of Security Management & Private Policing
Security managers fill multiple roles
Police & fire chief, emergency management, and computer security
Risk management
Private-sector detectives
Security guards
Performance of simple police tasks

15. Private Police and Homeland Security
Security for vital facilities: nuclear plants, refineries, military assets
Significant problems have emerged
DHS guarded by private security
Serious lack of training & testing
Underpaid
Scandals

16. Private Employment of Public Police
Top management often retired or former police or military personnel
Off-duty employment (i.e., moonlighting)
Officers retain full powers off-duty

17. Private Employment of Public Police (continued)
Conflict of Interest
Barred from taking too many outside jobs
Management Prerogatives
*3 Models designed to manage off-duty work:
Department contract model
Officer contract model
Union brokerage model

18. The Public–Private Interface
Boundary between police and private
Private goals do not always serve public
Recruitment and Training
Higher levels draw college graduates
Lower levels—little education & training, low pay, high turnover

19. Police Abuse of Power Use of Force
What is meant by excessive force & police brutality?
Used infrequently, usually low-force when making an arrest
Deadly force deeply emotional issue
High number of African Americans shot & killed

20. Table 7.2 Reported Uses of Force by Big-City Police

21. Use of Force (cont.) Key Supreme Court Cases on use of force:
*Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
*Graham v. Connor (1989)
Risk of lawsuits looms over departments
Training, internal review, disciplining or firing “quick-trigger” officers
New means sought to apply force: based on “reasonableness” of the moment—discretion back to the officer

22. Corruption Grass Eaters and Meat Eaters? “Blue-coat code”
Mooching, bribery, chiseling, extortion, shopping, shakedown, premeditated theft, favoritism, perjury, prejudice
Controlling Corruption
Citizen complaints & scandals

23. Civic Accountability
Internal Affairs Units: Police policing the police
Investigates complaints against officers
“Blue Wall (or curtain) of Silence”
Civilian Review Boards
No power to investigate or discipline
Effectiveness has not been tested

24. Civic Accountability (cont.)
Standards and Accreditation
Nationally recognized standards
Civil Liability Lawsuits
Charges: brutality, false arrest, and negligence.
Large money damages incentivize reform